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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacterial meningitis |
gram - headache, nausea, stiff neck csf sample cns |
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saxitoxin poisoning |
protista headache, nausea, numbness "sketchy shellfish" no evidence of pathogen in CSF or blood |
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trypanomiasis |
eukaryotic pathogen (protoazoan) tsetse fly "sleeping sickness" fever, swollen lymph glands, muscle/joint aches, headache, irritability
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cryptococcosis |
stiff neck, fungi
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giardia |
protazoan camping/ hiking/ swimming/ catching and eating fish abdominal cramps and diarrhea stool sample is frothy and smells of sulfur |
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E. coli |
diarrhea after petting zoo
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salmonellosis |
liking a turtle reptiles mucus membranes (oral)
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chloramphenicol |
inhibits protein synthesis broad spectrum potentially toxic
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tetracycline |
inhibits protein synthesis broad spectrum STD, UTI |
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sulfanamides sulfa drugs |
synthetic drugs competitive inhibitor of enzyme that coverts PABA to folic acids
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penicillin |
"includes over 50 chemically related drugs that kill bacteria because they inhibit an enzyme that is important for cross-linking peptidoglycan polymers of the cell wall"
beta-lactam ring inhibits cell wall synthesis
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vancomycin |
inhibits cell wall formation/blocks cell wall synthesis
still effective against MRSA
produced by organisms living in the soil of a small jungle of Borneo |
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rifampin |
block mRNA synthesis
prevents RNA from being made in the cell because it interferes with the RNA polymerase's ability to bind to the promoter region of the genes
treats microbes that hide inside host cells tuberculosis
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beta-lactam |
penicillins cephalosporins |
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Polymyxin B |
damages cell membrane components
Psuedomonas
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ancyclovir |
treats viruses looks like a nucleotide if phosphorylated it will mess up DNA synthesis
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antifungal drugs |
target sterols in plasma membrane |
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epidemiology |
where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted |
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John Snow |
first to study spread of disease
london mid-1800s |
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getting syphillis through sexual contact with an infected individual is ____________ transmission |
contact transmission
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reservoir |
where the pathogen is reproducing -humans -zoonosis: animal populations -soil/water/food |
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vector |
"an arthropod that carries disease-causing organisms from one host to another" commonly insects
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biological vector |
mosquito |
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mechanical vector |
fly |
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drinking water from an infected water supply is and contracting cholera is an example of __________ |
vehicle transmission |
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vehicle transmission definition |
waterborne, airborne bodily fluids food the transmission of a pathogen by an inanimate resevoir |
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fomite |
object that becomes contaminated and spreads pathogen |
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dengue fever |
insect |
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plague |
Yersinia pestis bacterial reservoir: rats vector: fleas |
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infection |
body is colonized by pathogens |
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disease |
body is at an abnormal state and not functioning |
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ID50 |
HYPOTHETICAL # BASED ON AVG. OF BACTERIA NEEDED TO CAUSE DISEASE dose # of microorganisms need to produce a demonstrable infection in 50% of the test host population
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LD50 |
potency of a toxin lethal dose of for 50% of a sample population |
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adhesin proteins where |
glycocalyx (cell wall) pili fimbrae flagella |
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selective toxicity |
antibiotic doesn't kill human cells, but is in some way toxic to some types of bacterial cells |
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branched polymer |
polysaccarides |
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amino acids |
monomer use to form polymers of proteins |
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primary structure of protein structure |
amino acid sequence |
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tell me a little something about fungi |
break down organic matter/ recycle nutrients w/n an ecosystem |
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tell me a little something about animal parasites |
eukaryotic/multicellular simple -or- complex |
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malaria |
protozoan zoonosis |
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Schistosomasis |
caused by animal pathogen
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genome of a virus |
single/double DNA/RNA circular/linear |
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resolution |
minimum distance between two points at which they can still be distinguished as two separate points |
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artifact |
processing
something about the cells has been changed so that their appearance is longer an accurate presentation of what that type of cell should look like |
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bacterial DNA |
plasmid in cytoplasm or chromosome in nucleoid region |
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capsule |
makes it harder for immune cells (WBCs) to phagocytose |
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chemotaxis |
bacterial cells moving toward a chemical stimulus |
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N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) |
cell wall of most bacterial cells
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louis pasture |
proved food spoilage and fermentation are due to the microbes entering and growing in the substance, not spontaneous processes |
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koch |
proof of the germ theory of disease |
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hooke |
observe "cells" in plant tissue named them cells |
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innate |
removal of pathogens in cilliary escalator |
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innate |
running a fever when pathogen is detected |
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innate |
macrophages engulfing microbes that have entered the body |
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adaptive |
antibody production by B-cells |
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adaptive |
not present at birth |
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basophils |
innate immune systems 2nd line of defense |
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cytotoxic T-cells natural killer cells |
responsible for killing virally infected cells |
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makes adherence harder |
capsules |
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makes adherence easier |
organism coated w/ antibody molecules |
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epitope |
specific portion of a molecule where an antibody binds to |
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helper T-cells express as _________ receptor
protein associated w/ cells of the adaptive immune system is needed for the attachment step of an HIV viral infection |
CD4 |
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B-cells and dendritic cells express____________receptors |
MHC II |
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all nucleated cells express ___________ |
MHC class I receptors |
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IgG |
most common type of anti-body found in blood serum passed through the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy
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IgA |
class of antibodies found in secretions secreted in mucous, tears, saliva, and breast milk
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IgE |
class of antibodies involved in hypersensitivities can bind to the surface of granulocytes in the blood stream |
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IgM |
first class of antibodies to appear after an exposure to an antigen links together in groups of 5 and forms a star shape |
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edward jenner |
developed 1st vaccine against small pox |
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subunit vaccine |
requires recombinant DNA technology to express the microbial antigens in other cells so they can be purified and injected |
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attenuated whole agent vaccine |
highest risk of causing the infection it is being used to immunize the patient against (especially in patients that are immunosuppressed)
provides the best protection rate & often results in lifelong immunity w/o the need for boosters |
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toxoid vaccine |
actually a vaccine against the toxin produced by the pathogen rather than the pathogen itself tetanus vaccine |
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nucleic acid vaccine DNA vaccine |
no needle, fewer fomites associated w/ vaccinations it should cause cells to express microbial proteins as if they were virally infected it does not use whole virus so there should be no danger of causing the infection you are trying to vaccinated against
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in an indirect ELISA assay ____________ would be added to the wells first |
lab antigen from the pathogen you are looking for |
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if the solution in the well _______ that indicates a positive result in a typical indirect ELISA |
changes color |
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HIV Phase 1 |
large mount of the virus is detectable in the bloodstream |
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HIV Phase 2 |
lasts 5-10 |
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trichonomaisis |
eukaryotic pathogen |
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human immunodeficiency virus |
enveloped virus w/ an RNA genome that turned into DNA by reverse transcriptase |
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Treponema pallidum |
pathogen of reproductive tract spirochete cuts into tissues using its corkscrew motility HPV --> genital warts |
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Neisseria gonorrhea |
pathogen that has Opa proteins that help it avoid the immune system by suppressing the ADAPTIVE immune sytem response |
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anaphylactic (type 1) |
rash associated w/ syphilis IgE antibodies, basophils, mast cells allergic reactions (histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) systemic- circulatory collapse/ death local- hives, hay fever, asthma |
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cytoxic (type 2) |
cause hemolytic disease of the new born (HDNB), when the mom is Rh- and the baby is Rh+ drug binds to surface of our cells, leads to antibodies to bind to the foreign antigen on the cells system and the complement system would then activate and destroy those cells IgM and IgG rejection of blood transfusion drug induced cell lysis
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immune complex (type 3) |
rash associated w/ syphillis scarlet fever/streptococcus pyogenes
**immune system attacks the complexes and damages our cells
IgG antibodies form small complexes that lodge in the basement membrane of cells
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delayed cell-mediated response (type 4) |
TB test & poison ivy & latex allergy
allergic contact dermatitis
t-cell proliferation cytokine secretion
cytokines attract and activate macrophages and initiate tissue damage |
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parenteral route |
cut or puncture wound insect bites post-surgical infections
woman develops Malaria after being bitten by a mosquito carrying the pathogen |
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transcription |
dna-> rna rna polymerase |
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translation |
nucleic acids -> aminoacids ribosomes
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promoter sequence |
site where transcription process begins
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operon |
the operator and promoter sites and structural genes they control at least one gene, promoter sequence, operator sequence, and primer sequence |
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constituative operon |
always "on" and being used to express genes |
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inducible operon |
usually "on" can be turned "off"
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transduction |
involves viruses transfer of dna from one cell to another by a bacteriophage |
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competent cell |
able to take up dna from its environment
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recombinant DNA |
single piece of DNA that contains sequences form at least two separate sources |
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in vivo |
in life ex: expression of human insulin in E. coli cells |
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endotoxin |
lipid causes fever high LD50 component of bacterial cell and is released when cell is lysed
gram -
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exotoxin |
low LD50 can be neutralized with antitoxin created in bacterial cell and then secreted into environment protein
gram + |
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applications of PCR |
check for mutation detect the presence of infectious agents (virus or disease) paternity forensics |
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neutralization |
neutralize small particles |
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oposonization |
makes things easier to phagocytose |
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agglutination |
clumps antibodies together |
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complement fixation |
causes inflammation and cell lysis |
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gram positive |
purple resistant to physical stress polysaccaride in the membrane |
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gram negative |
pink resistant to chemical stress two phospholipid bilayer membranes, one is the plasma membrane and the other is the cell wall |
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AMR inactivating enzymes |
enzymatic destruction/ inactivation of the drug
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AMR block entry |
prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe (gram -)
if the antibiotic cant get in, it can't really work, now can it |
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AMR alteration of drugs target site |
alteration of drugs target site |
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AMR efflux |
rapid efflux (ejection) of the antibiotic |
