Micro Final

Front 1

3 examples of Contact Transmission

Back 1

Communicable (direct, or indirect), zoonotic, non-communicable

Front 2

organism that causes respiratory infections, aka "black mold", a fungus

Back 2

stachybotrys

Front 3

waterborne indirect fecal oral diseases

Back 3

rotavirus, Giardia (Hiker's Diaherrea)

Front 4

zoonotic disease spread by contact transmission w/materials or tissue

Back 4

tularemia (rabbit fever), leptospirosis

Front 5

examples of disease that have human carriers

Back 5

typhoid, polio, staph infections

Front 6

disease that has water as reservoir:

Back 6

vibriocholerae

Front 7

soil as reservoir:

Back 7

tetanus, fungi

Front 8

Mechanism of infection (GMOD)

Back 8

gain access to host, multiply within host, overcome immune system, damage

Front 9

Innate Imunity: first line of defense: physical and chemical

Back 9

physical: skin, commensals
chemical: stomach acids, lysosomes

Front 10

2 examples of opsonin independent phagocytosis

Back 10

lectin-carbohydrate and protein-protein binding

Front 11

ruber colar

Back 11

"red heat"

Front 12

pathogenesis of injury response

Back 12

vasodialation, blood vessels see fluid and plasma at joints, swelling, phagocytes attracted

Front 13

mast cells are produced in the:

Back 13

bone marrow in connective tissue

Front 14

mast cells have granules called ____ which contribute to the inflammatory response:

Back 14

histamine

Front 15

prostaglandings (PGE2 and PGF2alpha) cause what

Back 15

swelling and the pain response

Front 16

infected nerves release this, which binds to the mast cell

Back 16

substance P

Front 17

histamine does:

Back 17

causes vasodialation and makes capillaries leaky

Front 18

the act of the mast cells releasing mediators is called:

Back 18

degranulation

Front 19

precourser to new mediators in immune response

Back 19

arachodonic acid

Front 20

leukotrienes:

Back 20

affect WBC's and blood vessels: chemotactic

Front 21

preformed mediators

Back 21

histamine, heparin, proteolytic enzymes, chemotactic factors

Front 22

newly synthesized mediators

Back 22

leukotrienes (chemotactic), prostoglandins (pain response)

Front 23

3 pathways of complement system, and trigger for each

Back 23

classical pathway (trigger = Ab/Ag complex), Alternative pathway (trigger = chemicals associated with pathogen), lectin pathway (trigger = manose binding protein (ex-liver cells))

Front 24

In the complement system, C3 convertase splits the C3 into two subunits; list them and thier functions

Back 24

C3a: inflammatory response
C3b: helps phagocytic cells

Front 25

the poly-9 ring is a function of the _____ and functions to _____

Back 25

complement system, lyse the pathogenic infected cell

Front 26

example of artificial acquired active immunity

Back 26

vaccine

Front 27

eaxample of artificially acquired passive immunity

Back 27

immune serum

Front 28

example of natural acquired active immunity

Back 28

immune response from normal course of infection

Front 29

example of natural aquired passive immunity

Back 29

maternal antibiotics

Front 30

lymphocytes recognize pathogens by:

Back 30

binding to an antigen

Front 31

definition: epitopes

Back 31

antigenic determinents

Front 32

Antibody mediated response is the job of the ____ -lymphocytes

Back 32

B

Front 33

antibody mediated response is aka

Back 33

humoral response

Front 34

antibody mediated response works best against what type of pathogens?

Back 34

extracellular

Front 35

in the antibody mediated response, the lymphocytes divide in a process called

Back 35

clonal selection

Front 36

(AB mediated response): after the lymphocytes divide via clonal selection, they produce ____ to coat the pathogen

Back 36

antibodies

Front 37

in the humoral response, the antibody coated pathogen has these 4 possible fates (OACN)

Back 37

opsonization, agglutination (for more rapid phagocytosis), complement fixation (lysing), neutralization antibodies which block viral receptors

Front 38

cell-mediated immunity is a -function of the ____ -lymphocytes

Back 38

T

Front 39

cell mediated immunity works best against what types of pathogens

Back 39

intracellular, occasionally larger eucaryotic extracellulars

Front 40

this molecule has a portion which protrudes from the cell membrane of pathogen and helps bind the t-cell receptor in the cellmediated response

Back 40

MDH-1

Front 41

cytotoxic t-cells produce lymphotoxins, which function to do what:

Back 41

disrupt the cell membrane, disrupt metabolism, or initiate apoptosis

Front 42

Antigen presenting cells: how do they work:

Back 42

they are macrophages which engulf the entire infected cell and then present the antigen on the surface in conjuction with the MDH2 molecule

Front 43

T-Helper cells: TH1 helps:

Back 43

CD-8 cytotoxic cells in the cell-mediated response

Front 44

T-Helper cells: TH2 helps:

Back 44

B-lymphocytes in the antibody productioin of the antibody mediated response

Front 45

these 2 bacterial types prevent phagocytosis due to their capsules

Back 45

klebsiella pneumonia, strep. pneumonia

Front 46

These bacterial species can survive within phagocytes

Back 46

mycobacterium TB, trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease)

Front 47

The bacterial specias can constantly change their antigens, making the immune system ineffective

Back 47

trypanosoma bruceii (sleeping sickness) borrelia hermisii (Relapsing fever)

Front 48

active immunizations are the administration of ___ molecules and is used as a ____ technique

Back 48

antigen, preventative

Front 49

passive immunizations are the administration of ___ molecules, and is used as a ____ technique

Back 49

antibody, treatment

Front 50

advantages/disadvantages of killed/inactivated active immunizations

Back 50

ad: can't produce symptoms of disease, disad: unwated side-effects due to other chemicals

Front 51

examples of kille/inactivated active immunizations

Back 51

pertussis, typhoid, cholera

Front 52

advantages/disadvantages of live/attenuated active immuniztions

Back 52

ad: produce stong immune response, less side rxns from other chemicals, disad: possiblity of presenting with symptoms of disease, might revert back to virulent form

Front 53

examples of live/attenuated active immunizations

Back 53

polio, MMR

Front 54

advantages/disad. of subunit active immunizations

Back 54

advantages: few adverse reactions, good to excellent immune response
disad: newer vaccienes are expensive

Front 55

examples of subunit active immunizations

Back 55

pneumococcus, HIB, hep B

Front 56

examples of toxiod active immunizations

Back 56

tetanus, diptheria ('boost-rix')

Front 57

these two disease can be prevented by a post-exposure passive immunization

Back 57

hep B, rabies

Front 58

passive immunizations can be used for treatment of diseases due to toxins, such as:

Back 58

tetanus, botulism, snake bites

Front 59

def: chemotheraputic drug

Back 59

a chemical used in the treatment of disease

Front 60

antimicrobial drug : def:

Back 60

chemical used in the treatment of infectious disease

Front 61

antibiotic: def:

Back 61

type of antimicrobial drug which is the natural product of a living organism, works best against bacteria

Front 62

first antibiotics were isolated from ___ and ___ due to _____

Back 62

fungi and bacteria, microbial antagonism

Front 63

Antibiotics do NOT work against

Back 63

viruses

Front 64

some antibiotics will work agains ____ (other than bacteria)

Back 64

protazoa

Front 65

the first antibiotic was ___ and was discovered by ___

Back 65

penicillin, Alexander Flmming

Front 66

4 general properties of a good microbial drug

Back 66

selective toxicity, must be able to reach infected site, must be able to remain active at site

Front 67

difference between static and cidal drugs?

Back 67

static: drug inhibits further growth, immune system does the rest
cidal: microbe killed

Front 68

most drugs that operate via cell-wall disruption work by doing what?

Back 68

interferring with the production of peptidoglycan

Front 69

examples of cell-wall disrupting drugs

Back 69

penicillin, bacitricin

Front 70

drugs that operate via nucleic acid synthesis disruption work by:

Back 70

inhibiting the production of nitrogenous bases, sometimes via the inhibition of folic acid production

Front 71

examples of drugs that work via nucleic acid synthesis disruption

Back 71

sulfanomides, trimetoprim

Front 72

drugs that work via inhibiting the unwiding of bacterial DNA work by:

Back 72

blocking the DNA gyrase enzymes

Front 73

examples of drugs that work via inhibiting the unwiding of bacterial DNA

Back 73

quinolones

Front 74

Drugs that work via protein symthesis disruption act on the:

Back 74

MRNA-ribose complex

Front 75

ex: drugs taht work via protein synthesis disruption

Back 75

30s: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines,
50s: chloromphenicol, erythromycin

Front 76

aminoglycosides (FXN)

Back 76

cause misreading of MRNA

Front 77

Tetracyclines (FNX)

Back 77

block attachment of TRNA

Front 78

chloramphenicol (FXN)

Back 78

prevents peptide bond formation

Front 79

erytromycin (FNX)

Back 79

prevents movement of ribosome along mRNA

Front 80

polymixins are cell-membrane disruptor antibiotics that work by

Back 80

disrupting membrane surface by interacting w/phospholipids of gram + bacteria

Front 81

polyenes are antifungal cell membrane disruptors that work by

Back 81

forming complexes with sterol lipids and causing abnormal openings in the membrane

Front 82

What are the different antibacterial drug target sites?

Back 82

cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm (metabolic factors), DNA

Front 83

How do microbes acquire resistance?

Back 83

mutations over time, or intermicrobial gene transfer

Front 84

Mechanisms of drug resistance (SCIDA)

Back 84

1. synthesis of enzymes which degrade the drug
2. changing drug receptor binding sites
3. increased elimination of drug
4. decrease in cell permeability/uptake
5. altering metabolic pathways

Front 85

these resistance mechanisms can make a pathogen safe from multiple drugs

Back 85

efflux pumps, cell membrane permeability

Front 86

preventing spread of drug resistance

Back 86

use antimicrobial drugs only when indicated, reserve potent antimicrobials for serious infections, use proper dose, limit use as food additive

Front 87

Relevent species of Staphylococcus Genus

Back 87

S Aureus, MRSA (methicilin resistant)

Front 88

genus staphylococcus, gram positive or negative?

Back 88

positive

Front 89

S. Aureues is coagulase (+or-)

Back 89

+

Front 90

this genus of gram positive cocci causes 15-25% of all nosocomial infections

Back 90

staphylococcus

Front 91

These gram positive (genus) cocci are sensitive to many antibiotics

Back 91

streptococcus

Front 92

major pathogens of the genus streptococcus

Back 92

pyogenes, pneumonia (pneumococcus)

Front 93

this strep bacteria causes strept throat, puerperal fever, scarlet fever, glomerulonephirits, and rheumatic fever

Back 93

sterp. pyogenes

Front 94

this cocci species is found in some peoples normal nasopharynx flora, but also causes 70% of all bacterial pneumonias

Back 94

strep. pneumonia

Front 95

this strep specias causes otitis media, and sinusitis

Back 95

strep pneumonia

Front 96

this gram + cocci genus is known for causing oppurtunistic infections and is also a normal intestinal tract commensal. it is an important and growing cause of nosicomial infections

Back 96

genus enterococcus

Front 97

these gram negative bacteria come in pairs (diplococci) and are bean shaped

Back 97

neisseria

Front 98

pathogens of this genus are fastidius and grow best under high carbon dioxide levels

Back 98

neisseria

Front 99

important pathogens of genus Neisseria

Back 99

N. gonhorrea, N. meningitidis

Front 100

this is a serious infection of the lining of the nervous sytstem, following by an invasion of the bacterium or toxin into the bloodstream

Back 100

meningococcal meningitis: causes by N. meningitidis

Front 101

meningococcal meningitis is treated with what antibiotic?

Back 101

penicillin G

Front 102

this genus of gram positive bacilli are mostly saprophytic and harmless

Back 102

genus bacillus

Front 103

Anthrax (bacillus anthracis) is transmitted via

Back 103

endospores

Front 104

this genus of gram positive bacilli contains active fermenters

Back 104

clostridium

Front 105

gas gangrene is caused by

Back 105

clostridium septicum

Front 106

this is an infection of deep wounds, occasionally surgical sites: spores germinate in the tissue and produce acids, among other things

Back 106

gas gangrene

Front 107

gas gangrene is treated by

Back 107

broad spectrum antibiotics, debridement, amputation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Front 108

the genus clostridum are aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 108

anaerobic

Front 109

prevention of gas gangrene

Back 109

deep cleaning of wounds, prophylactic antibiotics for those with serious wounds

Front 110

this clostridium species causes wound infections and toxicosis

Back 110

tetanus

Front 111

the toxin of this species causes spastic paralysis by binding to inhibitory motor neurons

Back 111

c. tetani

Front 112

treatment for tetanus intoxication

Back 112

antibiotics, passive immuniczation, respiratory support

Front 113

this toxicosis results from improperally canned food

Back 113

c. botulinum

Front 114

how does the toxin work in the botulism toxicosis?

Back 114

toxin is produced and circulates to neuromuscular junction and prevents release of neurotransmitter

Front 115

this toxicosis is one of flaccid paralysis

Back 115

botulism, inibilty for skeletal muscles to contract

Front 116

treatment for botulism

Back 116

passivie immunization, respiratory support (no antibiotics)

Front 117

this genus of gram positive aerobic bacilli are free-living saprobes, slow growers, and have cell walls with high lipid content

Back 117

genus mycobacterium

Front 118

this mycobacterium species causes a very ancient human disease that is important worldwide

Back 118

M. tuberculosis

Front 119

most people have a natural resistance to this disease

Back 119

tuberculosis

Front 120

tuberculosis is transmitted via ___ transmission

Back 120

aerosol

Front 121

these are formed in the lungs after infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis

Back 121

tubercles

Front 122

3 stages of tuberculosis: 1st stage: primary

Back 122

1 primary: no or mild symptoms, people recover but bacteria becomes dormant

Front 123

3 stages of TB: 2nd stage: (reactivation)

Back 123

moderate to severe lung damage, weight loss, fever, fatigue

Front 124

3 stages of TB: 3rd stage: extrapulmonary

Back 124

disease spreads to other organs: bones, kidneys, brain, meninges

Front 125

prevention of TB

Back 125

terbeculin or "Mantoux Test" vaccine for high risk groups, early identification

Front 126

common reservoirs for influenza

Back 126

wild birds (often avirulent in them)

Front 127

hosts for influenza

Back 127

humans, domestic birds, ducks, chickens, swine

Front 128

two important envelope proteins for the RNA virus: influenza

Back 128

hemogglutinin: adherance and penetration of host cell

neuraminidase: helps virus penetrate mucos layer overlaying host cells

Front 129

influenza: RNA or DNA? how many segments?

Back 129

RNA, 8 segments

Front 130

which type of flu is most virulent, A,B, or C?

Back 130

A

Front 131

most recent and last flu pandemic

Back 131

spanish flu pandemic of 1918, 20 mil deaths worldwide

Front 132

Avian Flu is which type?

Back 132

A