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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Saprophyte
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an organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter, and decomposes it for nutrients.
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Indigenous microflora
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inhibit growth of bacteria by taking up space, depleting food supply, and secreting materials that may prevent the growth of pathogens.
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Bioremediation
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using genetically engineered microbes to clean up after ourselves.
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Microbial ecology
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the study of the relationships between microbes and the environment.
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Phytoplankton
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tiny marine plants
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Zooplankton
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tiny marine animals
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Biotechnology
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the use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes.
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Microbial intoxication
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when a person ingests a toxin that has been produced by a microbe
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Infectious disease
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when a pathogen colonizes in the body and causes a disease, #1 killer in the world
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Obligate intracellular pathogens
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can only survive within living host cells (viruses, rickettsias, and chlamydias)
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Synergistic pathogens
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are caused by more than one pathogen
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Prokaryotic cells
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no true nucleus, complex cell walls consisting of protein lipids and polysaccharides, have no membrane other than the cell membrane that encloses the cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic cells
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contain a true nucleus, divided into plant and animal cells, animal cells don’t have a cell wall but plant cells have a simple cell wall made of cellulose, contain membranous structures and many membrane bound organelles, eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and denser.
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Viruses
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have either dna or rna, unable to replicate on their own, no mitosis or meiosis, lack genes needed for energy production, depend on ribosomes for protein and nucleic acid production
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Bacteriophages
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bacteria that infects viruses
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Lytic cycle- steps
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attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, release.
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Temperate bacteriophages
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don’t lyse the cell right away
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Virulent bacteriophages
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lyse cell asap
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Algae
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are photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that , together with protozoa, are classified in the second kingdom Protista. Contain a cytoplasm, a cell wall, a cell membrane, a nucleus, plastids,ribosomes, mitochondria, and golgi bodies. And some have a pellicle (a thickened cell membrane) a stigma (a light sensing organelle, eyespot) and flagella.
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Phycology
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the study of algae
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diatoms
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tiny algal cells that live in both fresh and seawater, used in filtration systems because they contain silicon dioxide which is glass in their cell walls
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Dinoflagellates
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red tides, unicellular
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Protozoa
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are eukaryotic organisms that are classified in the second kingdom Protista, most are unicellular and possess a variety of eukaryotic structures and don’t contain chlorophyll so they cannot make their own food. No cell walls but some have pellicle which provides the same purpose.
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Cytosome
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mouth
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Trophozoite
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motile feeding, and dividing stage in a protozoans life.
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Mycology
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- study of fungi
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Fungi
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wide variety of eukaryotes, garbage disposers of nature, they are not plants, not photosynthetic, cell walls contain chitin
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Hyphae
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fungi that grow as filaments
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Mycelium
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intertwined hyphae
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The central dogma
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proposed by Francis crick to explain this DNA->mRNA->protein, going from dna to rna is known as transcription, and going from rna to protein is known as translation.
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Constitutive genes
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ones that are expressed all the time
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Inducible genes
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expressed only when the gene products are needed
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Mutagens
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chemicals used to speed up that rate of mutations
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Artificial or synthetic media
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the media used in microbiology laboratories
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Chemically defined media
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one in which all of the ingredients are known
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Complex medium
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the exact contents are not known
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Enriched medium
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a medium containing a rich supply of special nutrients to grow fastidious organisms
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Selective medium
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has added inhibitors to discourage growth of certain inhibitors while allowing growth of the organism being sought
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Differential medium
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permits the differentiation of organisms that grow on that medium
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Thioglycollate broth (THIO
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supports the growth of all categories of bacteria from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes.
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Population growth curve
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can be used for any species by growing a pure culture in a liquid medium at a certain temperature. Stages: lag phase- bacteria absorbs nutrients but no growth, log phase-bacteria multiply rapidly, Stationary phase- death rate and growth rate are equal, Death phase- begin dying at a rapid rate
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Sterilization-
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elimination of all microbes
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Disinfection
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elimination of most pathogens from nonliving objects
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Pasteurization
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heating and cooling to disinfect liquids
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Disinfectants
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chemicals used to disinfect inanimate objects
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Antiseptics
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solutions used to disinfect skin
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Sanitization
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the reduction of microbial populations to levels considered safe by public health standards
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Microbiostatic agent
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a drug used or chemical that inhibits reproduction of microorganisms but doesn’t kill them
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Bacteriostatic agent
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is one that specifically inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria
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Lyophilization
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a process that combines dehydration and freezing
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sepsis
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pathogen present
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asepsis
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no pathogen
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Aseptic techniques
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are used to exclude pathogens
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antisepsis
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the prevention of infection
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antiseptic technique
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developed by joseph lister is the use of antiseptics. Lister used carbolic acid to cleanse surgical wounds.
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Thermal death point
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the lowest temperature that will kill all of the organisms in a culture in a specified period
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Thermal death time
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the length of time necessary to sterilize a pure culture at a specified temperature
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Autoclave
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large metal pressure cooker that uses steam under pressure to completely destroy all microbial life. 15 psi at 121.5 degrees celcius for 20 minutes
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Antimicrobial
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any chemical used to treat an infectious disease
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Antibiotic
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a substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or stopping the growth of other organisms
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sepsis
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pathogen present
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asepsis
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no pathogen
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Aseptic techniques
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are used to exclude pathogens
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antisepsis
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the prevention of infection
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antiseptic technique
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developed by joseph lister is the use of antiseptics. Lister used carbolic acid to cleanse surgical wounds.
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Thermal death point
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the lowest temperature that will kill all of the organisms in a culture in a specified period
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Thermal death time
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the length of time necessary to sterilize a pure culture at a specified temperature
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Autoclave
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large metal pressure cooker that uses steam under pressure to completely destroy all microbial life. 15 psi at 121.5 degrees celcius for 20 minutes
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Antimicrobial
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any chemical used to treat an infectious disease
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Antibiotic
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a substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or stopping the growth of other organisms
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Semisynthetic antibiotics
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chemically modified antibiotics used to kill a wider variety of pathogens
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Sulfonamide drugs
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inhibit production of folic acid (a vitamin) in certain bacteria
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synergism
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the use of two antimicrobial agents to treat an infectious disease that produces a greater degree of pathogen killing
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antagonism
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the use of two drugs and their degree of pathogen killing is less than the drugs alone
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Empiric theory
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in an effort to save a patient’s life sometimes the clinician has to guess the most likely pathogen and the drug that would be most effective.
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symbiosis
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living close together
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mutualism
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living together is beneficial to both organisms
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parasitic
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living together is harmful for one organism
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neutralism
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a symbiotic relationship in which neither organism is affected by the relationship
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commensalism
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a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one organism but not harmful to the other
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Biotherapeutic agents (probiotics
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used to stabilize the microbial balance
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incidence
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number of new cases of that disease over a specific time period
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morbidity rate
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number of new cases over a specific time in a specific population
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Period prevalence
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the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period
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Point prevalence
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number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time
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mortality rate
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the ratio of number of people who died from a disease per a specified population
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endemic disease
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diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic area
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epidemic
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a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region
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pandemic
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a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously
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chain of infection
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source of infection, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
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Community acquired infections
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those that are present or incubating at the time of hospital admission
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Hospital acquired infections
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- all others including those acquired up to 14 days after exiting hospital
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Iatrogenic infection
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an infection that results from medical or surgical treatment. Not all HAI’s are iatrogenic infections
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Importance of high quality specimen
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high quality needed to achieve accurate results, 3 components of specimen quality: proper specimen selection, proper collection, and proper transport
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The four periods in the course of an infectious disease
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1. Incubation period: the time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and the onset of symptoms, 2. Prodromal period- time where the patient feels out of sorts but isn’t actually experiencing symptoms yet. 3. The period of illness: symptoms begin occurring. 4. The convalescent period: recovery stage
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First line of defense
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skin and mucous membranes, nonspecific defense mechanisms
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Lysozyme
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degrades peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
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Lactoferrin
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a protein that binds iron, and deprives it from pathogens
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Lactoperoxide
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an enzyme that produces superoxide radicals, which are toxic to bacteria
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Bacteriocins
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bacteria that produce proteins that kill bacteria
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3 major events that occur during inflammation
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an increase in the diameter of the capillaries, which increases the blood flow, increased permeability of the capillaries allowing plasma to escape, and escape of leukocytes from the capillaries.
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Edematous
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swollen
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Purulent exudate
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pus
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Pyogenic microbes
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pus producing microbes
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Immunology
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the scientific study of the immune system and immune responses.
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Immune system-
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third line of defense, specific host defense because it springs into action against pathogens that enter the body.
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Vaccine
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a material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease
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Passive acquired immunity
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a person receives antibodies rather than producing them
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Artificial passive acquired immunity
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is accomplished by transferring antibodies from an immune person to a susceptible one.
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cytotoxic T cells
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destroy virally infected host cells, foreign cells, and tumor cells
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Helper T cells
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secretion of cytokines
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Humoral immunity
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produce special glycoproteins called antibodies to fight against antigens
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antigens
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foreign substances large enough to stimulate antibody production
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Antibody Primary response
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takes about 10-14 days for the antibodies to produce
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Antibody secondary response
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booster shot, raises the levels of the antibody production
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immunoglobulins
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globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in immune reactions (monomer)
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Antigen antibody complex
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combination of an antigen and an antibody
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Infective endocarditis
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usually caused by a bacterium or a fungus. Characterized by the presence of blood clots and bacteria within the endocardium
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Meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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3 major causes of viral meningitis
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influenza, Neisseria meningitis, and s. pneumonia
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3 major causes of bacterial meningitis
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strep agalactiae, e. coli, listeria monocytogenes
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