Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ovary |
- covered with a simple squamous or cuboidal surface epithelium - under epithelium, dense collagenous capsule (tunica albuginea) - ovarian tissue can be subdivided into a central medulla and peripheral cortex (Mares = opposite, central cortex hits surface at ovulation fossa) - cortex contains ovarian follicles in various stages of development, corpora lutea, corpora albicans, and a loose c.t. stroma - medulla consists of a loose c.t. with nerves, blood & lymph vessels - Ovarian follicles have one oocyte covered by follicular epithelial cells - Carnivores, ewes and sows may contain more than one oocyte |
|
|
Ovarian Follicular Development |
- oogonia (primitive germ cells) divide mitotically during the fetal stage and shortly after birth - the oogonia stop diving and enter into 1st meiotic division to become primary oocytes (2N4C) - primary oocytes are arrested in prophase of 1st meiotic division and are surrounded by flattened follicular cells to form primordial follicles - at sexual maturity some primordial follicles will develop into primary follicles, which develop further into secondary and tertiary follicles |
|
|
Primordial Follcile |
Pre-antral, resting - formed in late fetus up to birth, some persist in sexually mature animals - Oocyte, Stromal Cells, Follicular Cells (simple squamous) |
|
|
Unilaminar Primary Follicle |
Pre-antral, growing - at sexual maturity and throughout reproductive years - Primary Oocyte, Stromal Cells, Follicular Cells (simple cuboidal) |
|
|
Multilaminar Primary Follicle |
Pre-antral, growing - at sexual maturity and throughout reproductive years - Primary Oocyte, Basement membrane, granulosa layer, zona pellucida |
|
|
Secondary Follicle |
Antral, growing - at sexual maturity and throughout reproductive years - Antrum, Corona radiate, Oocyte, Zona pellucida, Membrana granulosa, Theca interna, Theca Externa |
|
|
Tertiary (Graafian) Follicle |
Mature, preovulatory - shortly before ovulating - Oocyte, zona pellucida, cumulus oophorus, corona radiata, liquor folliculi in Antrum, Theca interna, Theca Externa |
|
|
Follicular Atresia |
- most ovarian follicles undergo atresia in which follicular cells and oocytes die - follicles at any stage of development may undergo atresia |
|
|
Ovulation |
- primary oocyte completes 1st meiotic division just prior to or at ovulation to become a secondary oocyte (1N2C) - mature follicle(s) protrude from the surface of the ovary - size of mature follicles varies with species - mature follicle(s) ruptures and secondary oocyte is released** **Bitches & Mares release primary oocytes - The ovulated oocyte is surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiata [Cows -> corona radiata is lost at ovulation] |
|
|
Size of Mature Follicles |
Cows: 15-20mm Mares: 50-70mm Goats, Sows & Ewes: 10mm Bitches & Queens: 2mm |
|
|
Corpus Luteum |
- following ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms a transitory corpus hemorrhagicum - granulosa and theca interna cells form the corpus luteum - they undergo luteinization, they proliferate, undergo hypertrophy and become lipid-producing granulosa lutein & theca lutein cells - a yellow pigment (lutein) accumulates in luteal cells of some species - Fertilization does not occur: the corpus luteum degenerates and is replaces by c.t. forming a corpus albicans - Fertilization occurs: the corpus luteum persists and is active for a variable time during the pregnancy |
|
|
Ovarian Hormones |
-estrogens produced primarily by granulosa cells, small amounts produced by the theca interna cells - progesterone produced primarily by granulosa lutein cells of the corpus luteum - androgens (testosterone, androstenedione) produced by theca interna cells |
|
|
Uterine Tubes (Oviducts): Parts |
Infundibulum: portion closest to ovary, funnel-shaped with fimbriae - fingerlike projections
Ampulla: middle thin-walled portion of the tubes (where fertilization usually takes place) Isthmus: muscular portion joining to the uterus |
|
|
Uterine Tubes (Oviducts) |
- bilateral extensions of the uterus: transportation route for sperm & oocyte, site of fertilization - mucosal epithelium is simple columnar with ciliated cells and non-ciliated secretory cells - ciliated cells aid in moving the oocyte and zygote towards the uterus, secretory cells provide nutrients to oocyte and zygote - lamina propria-submucosa consists of loose c.t. with no glands - mucosa is folded, with less folding in the isthmus than the ampulla -Muscularis is primarily of circular smooth muscle (some longitudinal & oblique), thickest in the isthmus - serosa is loose c.t. with many blood vessels, nerves and mesothelium |
|
|
Uterus |
-site of implantation of the early embryo (blastocyst) Endometrium (mucosa-submucosa): - surface epithelium is simple cuboidal or columnar - uterine glands are tubular, extending deep into the vascular, lamina propria-submucosa is loose c.t. - both surface and glandular epithelia are secretory - caruncles (ruminants) are localized elevations of the endometrium which are highly vascularized and have no glands Myometrium (muscularis): - thick inner circular and thin outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle - vascular region between the two muscle layers Perimetrium (serosa): - loose c.t. covered with mesothelium |
|
|
The Estrous Cycle |
Proestrus > Estrus > Metestrus > Diestrus Anaestrus - At puberty the female reproductive tract is affected by a cyclical pattern of physiological events that are detectable microscopically, macroscopically and behaviourally. - estrous cycle is regulated by the hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian axis - 5 continuous stages |
|
|
Proestrus |
The time of follicular maturation (under influence of gonadotropic stimulation) and endometrial epithelium hypertrophies, increased vascularization (under the influence of increasing levels of estrogen) |
|
|
Estrus |
The time of sexual receptiveness. Estrogen levels are maximal. Endometrial epithelium and glands proliferate, secretory activity of surface and gland cells is increased. Connective tissue edema and hemorrhage. |
|
|
Metestrus |
The time of corpus luteum formation. Endometrial gland hyperplasia and coiling occurs. High secretory activity. Decline in tissue edema. |
|
|
Diestrus |
The phase of the active corpus luteum and reproductive tract under the dominant influence of progesterone. Fertilization and the subsequent pregnancy prolong diestrus. Maximal hyperplasia of uterine glands with extensive coiling. *If fertilization occurs: secretory activity is maintained If no fertilization: secretory activity stops, vascularity decreases and epithelial cells and glands involute |
|
|
Anestrus |
The time of sexual inactivity. Endometrial epithelium is columnar, few uterine glands are present. |
|
|
Uterine Cervix |
- mucosa epithelium is usually simple columnar with goblet cells (stratified squamous in the bitch) - lamina propria-submucosa is a dense irregular or loose c.t. - muscularis of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, rich is elastic fibers - serosa of loose c.t. and mesothelium |
|
|
Vagina |
- mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium in all species* *Cow = cranial portion is columnar with goblet cells - lamina propria-submucosa of loose or dense c.t. - muscularis of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscles - serosa or adventitia of loose c.t. with or without mesothelium |
