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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do bacterial reproduce, what is cool about this
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binary fission
ALL are genetically IDENTICAL |
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what can be said about the genetics of a bacterial culture
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all are genetically the same
**1 bug does binary fission, then exponential growth and pretty soon you have a whole colony of genetically ID bugs |
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what are the 4 phases of bacteria in liquid broth
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1. Lag
2. Log (late log) 3. Stationary 4. death/decline |
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what are the axis on a bacterial growth curve
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x- time
y- growth, measured as: log number of cells, Optical Density, or Biomass |
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what are 3 ways to measure bacterial growth
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1. Optical Density: measures ALL cells (live and dead) via turbidity
2. Colony Forming Units: VIABLE CELLS only. you dilute culture and plate it, each colony came from one CFU 3. Biomass: measures all bugs (live and dead) sample is weighed after being washed and dried |
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what method measures all cells in a culture?
how can we measure viable cells |
optical density: turbidity
biomass: weight of washed and dried sample Viable: CFU (colony forming units) |
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the first phase of growth in a bacterial growth curve is ______ and it characterized by _____
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LAG
**no cell division but biomass increases **the length of time varies with nutrients and conditions **zero population growth at lag as well as stationary |
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in what phase of the bacterial growth curve is tehre ZERO population growth? what about negative population growth
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lag and stationary
DEATH/decline |
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in what phase of bacterial growth are we increasing biomass
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lag phase
ZERO growth but they are preparing for it |
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the second phase of growth in a bacterial growth curve is ______ and it characterized by _____
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LOG/Exponential growth
**lots of growth, slope reflects the generation time (growth rate) and varies with bugs **primary metabolites and virulence are formed |
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what part of the growth curve tells us the generation time (doubling rate) of a bug
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the slop in the log phase
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at what phase on the bacterial growth curve is virulence mainly being made
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log phase
also making 1 metabolites |
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what is the "phase" btwn log and stationary phase, how is it characterized
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late log phase
**secondary metabolites like AB and pigment |
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in what phase of growth do bugs often make AB and pigment
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late log, these are 2 metabolites
the 1 metabolites and virulence are made mainly in the log phase the macromolecules are made in the lag phase |
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the third phase of growth in a bacterial growth curve is ______ and it characterized by _____
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stationary
**exhaustion of nutrients, **as cells die peptides and nucleic acids replace some of those lost resources DIVISION and DEATH are the same rate ZERO population growth (same as lag phase) recall death is negative population growth |
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at what point on the growth curve does the number of cells dying = number of cells dividing
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stationary
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at what phase are nutrients and resources being used up but are somewthat replced by cell death
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stationary
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will you see a change in CFU, OD, or biomass in the stationary phase
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nope, cell death= cell division
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the fourth phase of growth in a bacterial growth curve is ______ and it characterized by _____
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Death/Decline
**not enough resources for cells to grow, exponential cell death **negative population growth **can ONLY be determined by CFU NOT OD or biomass |
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can you ID the rate of cell death in the death phase by biomass?
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nope, ONLY by CFU
**cant measure by biomass or OD **negative population growth in death phase |
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what is the first step we need to do b4 we can ID what an unknown bug needs to survive? how do we do this
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isolate in pure culture
**done with plating with a wire loop |
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what medium allows us to grow an isolated colony
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semi solid gel
*also can have liquid media but all teh bugs get mixed around |
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what are the 5 kinds of media
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1. selective
2. defined: exact quantity knows, narrow growth range, allows experiments to be done ID 3. complex" no exact formula, broad growth range, less expensive 4. differential 5. enriched |
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name that media:
1. used for fastidious bugs 2. doesnt select for specific bugs or inhibit growth of specific bugs but will give visual change when bug grows 3. exact quantities are known to a molecular level, used to eliminate variability among experiments, narrow growth range 4. has an AB to be sure a certain bug WONT grow 5. some components arent known and it has a broad growth range |
1. enriched, growth factors are added bc fastidious bugs are picky
2.differntial 3. defined 4. selective 5. complex |
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what media is used when...
1. you want to differnetiate btwn organisms? 2. you want to prevent a bug from growing in your culture 3. you want a picky bug to grow 4. you need a cheap broad range media? 5. you want to copy somones experinemt |
1. differnetial
2. selective 3. enriched 4. complex 5. defined |
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what are some ways bugs get metabolic E, why do they need metabolic E
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Respiration, Fermentation, Photosynthesis
**use the E from these sources to make molecules and maintain chemical gradients |
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respiration, fermentation, adn photosynthesis are all ways bugs obtain what
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metabolic E
**use the E to make molecules and maintain chemical gradients |
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is anerobic respiration fermentation
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nope, its respiration
**respiration can be aerobic or anerobic |
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what are some types of fermentation
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1. lactic acid
2. butyric acid 3. propionic acid 4. mixed acid |
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what does a bug do with: lactic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid
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it uses these things to make E if its a fermentation bug
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what is a common carbon source for bugs
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not many use CO2 directly (Capnophile)
most can use glucose, sucrose, or lactose |
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what is MacConkey Agar
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selective agar that tells us if a bug is fermenting (via pH) and also selective against gram + bugs
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what agar can tell us if a bug is + or - and if it is a respiration bug or fermentation bug
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MacConkey
**Selective: wont let + grow **differntial: visible change with pH to indicate respiration/fermentation |
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what is a fastidious bug
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PICKY PICKY
**need a special diet, use enhanced media with growth factors **hard to grow in VITRO |
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what are some bugs that require enriched media? why?
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Haemophilus
Nisseria **they are picky eaters, fastidious |
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what are 3 categories of growth factors
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1. Purines/Pyrimidines for nucleid acid synthesis
2. AA for protein synthesis 3. Vitamins for Coenzymes **not all bugs need them and the ones that do need them in small amts. these cant be made by the bug |
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if a bug cant make an aa itself what is it/
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a Growth factor
**purinnes/pyrimidines and vitamins are common GF |
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what is a GF for a bug
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its something the bug cant make on its own:
AA Vit Purines/Pyrimidines |
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what does it mean when a bug is super limited in what it needs and has NO alternative
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obligate
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what does it mean if a bug is easy going and likes certain things but wont die if it has to use something else
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facultative
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what does obligate and facultative mean
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obligate: has NO alternative
faculatative: has a preference but can use an alternate |
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what is the temperature classification of most pathogenic bugs
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mesophiles
**range 12-42 but optimum at body temp 30-37 |
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what is a:
mesophile psychotrophs psychophiles thermophiles/hyperthermophile |
mesophile: survive at body temp, many pathogenic are mesophile
psychrophiles: found in COLD places psychotrophs: can live in cold places like the fridge (facultative psychrophiles) thermophile/hyperthermophile: like HOT temp, enzymes are stable at high temps and so are used in bio experiments |
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what happens to mesophiles at low temp, high
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low: enzymes loose activity
high: denature proteins |
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what class of bugs can be found int eh fridge
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facultative psychophiles or psychotrophs
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wht is the bug that lives only in super cold places? what about the one that can live in the fridge
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COLD: obligate psychrophiles/cyrophiles
FRIDGE: Facultative Psychrophiles/Psychotrophs |
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what bugs are used to get enzymes for bio experiments
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thermophiles/hyperthermophiles
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what describes the optimal pH for most pathogenic bacteria`
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neutrophile
**also have acidophile and alkaliphile |
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1. what is a bug called if it doesnt use O2 but it wont die if O2 is around
2. what is a bug called if it requires lots of O2 and will die w/o it 3. what is a bug called if it will die in the presence of O2 4. what is a bug called if it needs o2 but can survive with decreased levels 5. what is a bug called if it doesnt requre O2 but will use it if there is nothing else |
1. aerotolerate anaerobe
2. obligate aerobe 3. abligate anerobe 4. Microaerophile 5. facultative anerobe |
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what is the O2 requirements and toxicities of the following
1. Obligate Aerobe 2. Aerotolerant Anerobe 3. Facultative Anaerobe 4. Microaerophile 5. Obligate Anerobe |
1. Requires O2 and will die w/o high levels
2. Wont use O2 but wont Die with O2 around 3. Doesnt require O2 but will use it when necessary 4. Requires lower levels of O2 5. will DIE in the presence of O2 |
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what lends O2 tolerance to bugs
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the presence of ROS enzymes
-catalase -superoxide dismutase -peroxidases **obligate anerobes are the only ones who absolutely will die if O2 is around. Aerotolerant anerobes wont ever use O2 but wont die if its around |
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what are the enzymes that help bugs deal with O2
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superoxide dismutase
catalase peroxidase *w.o these enzymes the cell is overcome with ROS and dies |
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in a broth media what is the bug type if growth looks like...
1. all growth at top, none anywhere else 2. lots at top, but some all over 3. all at bottom, none anywhere else 4. equally disbursed all throughout the tube 5. some at top but most just below the surface |
1. obligate aerobe: will die w.o high levels of O2
2. Facultative Anerobe: O2 not required but will use it if its around 3. obligate anerobe: will DIE when O2 is around 4. aerotolerant anerobe 5. microaerophile: likes reduced O2 levels |
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what is a capnophile
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loves CO2
**use a candle jar to icnrease CO2 for them to grow |
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what is a bug called that LOVES CO2
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capnophile
**use a candle jar to let them grow |
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what is a halophile
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salt lover
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what is a salt lover? sugar? CO2?
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salt: halophile
sugar: osmophile CO2: capnophile |
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what is a osmophile
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sugar lover, needs high OSM sugar
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what are 2 ways to resist desiccation
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dehydration
1. Spore: Bacillus, Clostridium 2. Mycolic Acid in Mycobacterium |
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what are some cool things about Bacillus, Clostridium, and Mycobacterium
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all resist dehydration (desiccation)
Mycobacterium is acid fast with mycolic acids in cell wall Bacillus and Clostridium have spores |
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what is BSL 1-4
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levels that tell us how dangerous bugs are
BSL1- dont cause disease in healthy adults BSL2- disease transmitted via ingestion, skin injury, mucus membrane exposure BSL3- serious/fatal human disease, potential for aresol exposure BSL4- super dangerous, life threatening |
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what is the dif btwn standard precaution and universal precausion
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Universal prevents blood contact, do with ALL pts
Standard= universal + body substance |
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what is more comprehensive standard precautions or universal
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standard included universal as well as body precautions
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so that standard precautions applies to all pts and protects against blood (universal) and otehr fluids (body) what were the updates that were added
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respiratory precaution: caugh ettiqute
injection safety health care associated infections (repleaced old term nosocomial infections) |
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whats STILL the best thing you can do to keep germs away
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wash hands!
use more than 62% EtOH sanitizer |
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what are peices of PPE
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gown
glove apron mast eyewear face sheild **these protect preggos also |
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when should you wear gloves
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contact with blood, body fluid, mucous membrane, skin that isnt in tact
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what are transmission based precautions
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additional precautions used when there is a risk of transmission
can be Contact Droplet Airborn |
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what type of transmission based precaution shoudl be used?
herpes influenza TB chickenpox lice |
contact
droplet airborn contact contact |
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if a pt has TB how will you protect yourself
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airborne transmission precaution
*use respirator, single pt room with special air and ventilation |
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if your pt has influenza how will you protect yourself
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droplet bases transmission precaution
*close contact (3 ft) *wear a mask, protect eyes, single pt room |
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if your pt has contact transmission based precautions how will you keep yourself safe
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GLOVES
single pt room |
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what is the new term for nosocomial infection
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healthcare associated infection
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why use a face mask in a lumbar pcture?
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prevent droplet spread of ral flora
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criticle, semi criticle and non criticle refers to what
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items that are reusable and require decontamination
Criticle: contact with sterire tissue to vascular system. needles, catheters, implantable devices SemiCriticle: things tht contact non intact skin and mucous membranes. endoscope, laryngeoscope, specula Non Criticle: no contact with mucous membranes. BP cuff, stethascope, crutches etc |
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what types of items are...
1. criticle 2. semicriticle 3. non criticle |
1. scalpel, needle, catheters (touch sterile tissue or vasculature)
2. endoscope, laryngeoscope, specula, thermometer 3. BP cuff, stethescope |
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whts the diff...
1. sterilization 2. disinfection 3. decontamination 4. cleaning |
sterilization: kill EVERYTHING including spore
disinfection: kill most, spores may remain decontamination: decrease microbes to a level that wont cause disease clean: removes visible dirt, shoudl be dont b4 any of the previous |
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whats the word that means something is just clean enough that the bugs wont cause disease
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decontaminated
**sterilized is no spore, disinfected is no microbe but spore may be there |
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if something may have a spore what level of cleaning did it have
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disinfected
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so if you kill a bug does that mean its safe
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nope, bugs can make toxins that stick around
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what are 2 kinds of dry heat and when are they used
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1. Dry heat Oven: baking glass/metal
2. incineration: flaming metal loops in fire. lots of biohazard wast eliminated this way |
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wht kinds of tings do you boil, does this kill everythng
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water, instruments (tat, piercing)
endospores stay alive |
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does pasturization kill endospores
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nope
**decreases numebr of microbes and increases shelf life |
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why would one autoclave rather than using a dry heat oven
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it combines heat and pressure and is better at killing spores and denaturing protein
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can an autoclave remove spores? how do you know
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yep!!!
**there is tape or vials of spores that will change color to indicate that the sterilization process was successfil |
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what types of material is filtered to remove microbes
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liquids: blood, serum, vaccines
air: HEPA (high effeciency particulate air filter) sterile air for ppl with airborne disease or are immunocomprimised |
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what is UVC radiation good for
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sterilization of surfaces, dont penetrate deep
**damages ppl |
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what type of radiation is good for surfaces, waht about packaging
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surface: UVC short wave, cant penetrate
paskaging: gamma, bacteria is dead but not removed |
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what is the dif btwn cidal and static
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cidal- dead
static- no growth, not dead but not growing **same chemical can be cidal at one conc but only static at another |
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what is MBC, MIC
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MBC: minimum bacterial conce- lowest conc of agent that can kill the bug
MIC: minimum inhibitory conc- lowest conc of agent that can inhibit the growth of the target microbe |
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whats the min amt of agent to KILL a bug? what about the min amt to inhibit growth?
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KILL: cidal, MBC (min bacteriCIDAL conc)
inhibit: static MIC (min INHIBITORY conc) |
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what is biocidal?
antimicrobial? disinfectant? antiseptic? antibiotic? |
1. Biocidal: general term, includes antimicrobials and pesticides
2. antimicrobial: kills or inhibits growth of MICROORGANISM (AB is bacterial specific) 3. disinfectant: kills bugs on surface 4. antiseptic: kills bug on living tissue 5. Antibiotic: agent that kills or inhibits growth of bug |
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what are some ideal things to look for in a biocide
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biocide: general term that kills microorganisms and pesticides
broad, fast, stable, non toxic, residual antimicrobial fillm, odorless, cheap, soulible, |
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what does high level, intermediate, and low level refer to?
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levels of disinfectants
High: chemical sterilization, kills ALL microorganism. wont kill large number of spores Intermediate: kills mycobacteria, and most virus/fungi but not spores. semi criticle and non criticle equipemnt Low level: kill most vegetative bugs some virus/fingi. used on environmental surface |
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does a high level disinfectant kill spores
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ya but not a large number of spores
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what level of disinfectant is ised for semicriticle and non criticle equipment
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intermediate level
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what is low level disinfectant used for
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environmental surface
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can you just disinfect/sterilize?
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nope you need to CLEAN first
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is EtOH based sanitizer good
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yep as long as its at least 62%
no resistance need to be clean first |
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How does H2O2 work
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kills bugs and can kill spores when applied at high conc and long time
**can be inactivated by catalase (enzyme that handles ROS) |
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what is iodine used for
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topical/oral antiseptic: can irritate skin, used in sirgery
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what heavy metal cmpd is commonly used as an antiseptic
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silver nitrate eyedrops
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what are phenols and quaternary ammonium cmpds good for
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antiseptics
found in soap and contact soln |
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what are the 3 super serious cleaners that you can use on endoscopes, respiratory equipment and other things you cant autoclave
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1. Aldehyde
2. Elthylene Gas (explosive) 3. Peroxide |
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what are the downsides of using these things to disinfect medical equipment
EtOH Hypochlorites Iodine tinctures |
1EtOH: damages rubber
2. Hypochlorites: corrode metal 3. corrosive, irritating to skin. antiseptic but not a disinfectant |
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what materials can be used to disinfect medical equipment
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alsohol (bad for rubber)
hypochlorites (corresive) iodine tunctures/iodophors |
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what are 3 things you can use to disinfect non criticle surfaces
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phenolic
quat ammonium hypochlorite |
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what does Universal precautions deal with standard
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Universal: blood borne
Standard: any potentially infectious body fluid |
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what would this be used for?
70% isopropanol Peracetic acid quat ammonium cmpd |
dininfect thermometers
steralize endoscopes disinfect floors and tables |
