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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cause of the common cold
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Rhinovirus (common)
Adenovirus (no so common) |
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Recommended treatment of the common cold
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treat the symptoms, antihistamines
no antibiotic |
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Route of infection for the common cold
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Direct mucous membrane contact with infection secretions
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2 types of acute pharyngitis
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Viral (most common) and bacterial
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Symptoms of S. pyogenes pharyngitis
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no difference between viral and bacterial
sudden onset, sore throut, fever, headache, GI symptoms, inflamed pharynx, patchy exudate, cervical adenopathy, 5-15 years old |
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Sequele of S. pyogenes pharyngitis
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toxin production- Scarlet fever (strep throat + rash)
supperative- abcess non-supperative-rheumatic fever (organism is long gone), glomerularnephritis |
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Treatment of S. pyogenes pharyngitis
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penicillin or amoxicillin to children
injectable cephalosporin |
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Other bacterial causes of pharyngitis
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Gonococcal, N. gonorrhea, adenovirus, EBV, C. diptheriae
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What bacterial agents cause Otitis Media?
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S. pneumo, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
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What treatment is there for Otitis Media other than antibiotics?
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Decongestants
Antihistamines (amoxicillin is first antibiotic of chioce) |
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What bacterial agents cause Sinusitis?
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Community acquired:S. pneumo, H. influenzae, anaerobes (dental), S. aureus, M. catarrhalis, enteric gnr, C. pneumo
Nosocomial: S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, enteric gnr |
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What treatment is there for Sinusitis?
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decongestant (don't have for <12 years old)
antibiotics that target the most likely pathogen |
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What causes Epiglottis?
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H. influenzae in most children and 25% in adults
Others are S. pneumo, S. aurees, streptococci |
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How is Epigottitis treated?
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Maintain airway
antimicrobial effective against H. influenzae and other possible pathogens (ceftriaxone) |
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What does HACEK stand for?
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Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/aphrophilus Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella |
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What is/are salient features of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus?
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smells like paste
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What is/are salient features of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?
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star-like colonies
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What is/are salient features of Kingella?
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beta-hemolytic
pits agar |
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What is/are salient features of Chromobacterium?
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purple pigment
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What is/are salient features of Capnocytophaga?
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dog bites
yellow pigment fusiform gnr |
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What is/are salient features of Streptobacillus?
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from rats
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What is/are salient features of Eikenella?
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IV drug user
pits the agar smells like bleach |
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What is/are salient features of Francisella?
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lab workers infectable
animal exposure |
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What is/are salient features of Pasturella?
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family pets
indole pos. |
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What is/are salient features of Brucella?
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unpasteurized cheese
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What viral agent could be a candidate for bioterrorism?
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smallpox
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What bacterial agent could be a candidate for bioterrorism?
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anthrax
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What toxic agent could be a candidate for bioterrorism?
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botulism
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What are the 8 ideal qualities for a bioterrorist attack?
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High rate of illnes
High fatality rate of those who get sick short time between onset of illness and death low level of immunity in the population no effective or available treatment person to person transmission easy to produce and disseminate difficult to diagnose |
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What are the 7 epidemiological clues of a bioterrorist attack?
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large outbreak w/high illness and death rate
sindle case of uncommon disease (smallpox) unusual symptoms or severity of illness infection is non-endemic to region unusual seasonal distribution multiple w/simultaneous outbreaks in non-contiguous areas sick or dying animals |
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What causes diptheria?
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Corynebacterium diptheriae
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What is the best prevention of diptheria?
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vaccination
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What is the route of infection for diptheriae?
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droplets
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What are the symptoms of diptheria?
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gray membrane in throat
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How is confirmatory testing done for diptheria?
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Phage detection
A phage infects the bacteria that infects the human and releases a cardio toxin |
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What causes Croup?
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Parainfluenzae virus
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What are the symptoms of Croup?
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coughing (seal bark)
hoarseness |
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What kind of sample is needed for testing Croup?
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nasopharyngeal swab
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What causes Whooping Cough?
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Bordetella pertusis
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What are the symptoms of Whooping Cough?
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coughing
cyanosis vomiting |
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How is Whooping Cough best prevented?
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vaccination
The vaccination we get as kids wears off at about age 12. It is offerred at the same time as tetanus shots. |
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What is the primary host for infection of Whooping cough?
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unvaccinated adults
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What are characteristics of antigenic shift?
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precipitates pandemic
new type of organism, therefore no immunity 2 different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype |
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What are characteristics of antigenic drift?
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random process of mutation (slow)
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What can Mycoplasma cause?
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CAP (Community Acquired Pneumonia)
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Under what circumstances is Mycoplasma found?
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young adults living in close proximity (dorms, barracks)
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What are the main causes of CAP (Community Acquired Pneumonia)?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Enteric gnr Legionella is looked for at special request |
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How are CAP causitive bacteria ID?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae: alpha-hemolytic, mucoid, lancet shaped
Haemophilus influenzae: X and V on Thayer-Martin with growth inbetween (delta-ALA neg) Moraxella catarrhallis: hockey puck, CTA neg for all sugars |
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What's up with H and N with Influenza type A?
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H and N are based upon antigenic variation of surface glycoproteins.
H: hemagglutanin N: neuraminidase |
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What is the main viral infection causes CAP in children?
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RSV
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What do P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter cause and what is the concern?
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VAP (Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia)
The concern is becuase they are intibiotic resistant |
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What is the rational for a lab diagnosis when the doctor has already diagnosed the patient?
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the lab finds the causitive agent
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What are some advantages of a urine test for pneumonia?
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available for patient w/o sputum
antigen is detectable even if patient is taking drugs high specificity, but low sensitivity |
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What is always reported in sputum samples?
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presence or absence of normal flora
presence of epithelial cells predominant pathogen |
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What are the signs and symptoms of TB?
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night sweats, weight loss, cough, bloody sputum
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What are some salient features of Bordetella?
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small gn coccobacilli
grow on Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe agar |
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Where does someone get the Bartonella bacteria from?
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cat scratch
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If an organism is positive for delta-ALA can it breakdown heme?
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yes
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If an organism is negative for delta-ALA can it breakdown heme?
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no
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What organism is delta-ALA positive?
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H. parainfluenzae (doesn't need X)
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What organism is delta-ALA negative?
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H. influenzae (needs X)
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What are the growth requirements for H. influenzae?
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X+
V+ |
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What are the growth requirements for H. parainfluenzae?
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X-
V+ |
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Why is Neisseria cinerea a concern to the clinical lab?
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Because N. cinerea closely resembles N. gonorrhoeae.
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Loss of plasmid leads to ________ resistance.
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penicillin
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What are some salient features of Neisseria species?
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gndc, oxidase +, catalase +
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What Neisseria species is rod shaped?
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N. elongata
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What Neisseria species is yellow pigmented?
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N. subflava
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What Neisseria species is catalase -?
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N. elongata
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What selective media are used for N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis?
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Thayer-Martin (TM)
Modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) Martin-Lewis (ML) New York City (NYC) GC-LET |
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What are the inhibitory agents in Thayer-Martin?
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Vancomycin
Colistin Nystatin |
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What makes Modified Thayer-Martin different from Thayer-Martin?
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Modified Thayer-Martin contains trimethoprim
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Vancomycin suppresses
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gram-positive
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Colistin suppresses
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gram-negative
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Nystatin suppresses
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yeast
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Trimethoprim suppresses
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swarming Proteus species
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Name one virulence factor that N. gonorrhoeae has?
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Capsule
Pili Cell-Wall proteins Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) IgA protease that cleaves TgA on mucosal surfaces |
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What virulence factors does N. meningitidis have?
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Capsule
Pili Cell-Wall proteins Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) IgA protease that cleaves IgA on mucosal surfaces |
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Haemophilus species that are X-, V+, Porphyrin +
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parainfluenzae
paraphrophilus parahaemolyticus paraphrohaemolyticus segnis |
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Haemophilus ducreyi gram stain looks like what?
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school of fish
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What are the X and V requirements for Aggrigatibacter aphrophilus?
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don't need either
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