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297 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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How is Salmonella sp transmitted?
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Foodborne and waterborne
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what is salmonella divided into?
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2000 serovars, divided into biovars
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what is salmonella a common inhabitant of?
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animal intestines...poultry and cattle especially`
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Salmonella is noted in food poisonings with what?
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unsanitary conditions
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salmonella may be inside what?
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the chicken egg
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what is salmonella typhi a particulary virulent form of?
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Salmonellosis
Causes Typhoid Fever |
Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rods Enteric |
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How is salmonella Typhi transmitted
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Foodborne and Waterborne
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Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rods Enteric |
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Who is the famous chronic carrier associated with Salmonella Typhi?
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Typhoid Mary
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Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rods Enteric |
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Shigella dysenteriae
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Shigellosis
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Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rods Enteric |
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What does Vibrio cholerae cause
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Cholerae
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Gram Negative Facultively Anaerobic Rods
NOT Enteric |
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where is vibrio cholerae known for epidemics
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3rd world countries
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How is Vibrio cholerae transmitted
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Foodborne, Waterborne and contact with feces or vomit of infected persons
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defication illness
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Yersina pestis is responsible for what?
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Bubonic Plague
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What is Bubonic Plague also known as?
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Black Death and Pneumonic Plague
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Yersina pestis transmitted
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Arthropod-borne and Airborne
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Gram negative facultatively anaerobic rods
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Yersina pestis has caused many ________in U.S. History?
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Pandemics
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Yersina pestis is endemic where?
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in SW U.S
ZOONOSE |
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How is Haemophilis influenza
transmitted |
Airborne
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Haemophilis influenza has how many serotypes?
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a b c d e f (6)
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Haemophilis is responsible for what?
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Bacterial meningitis
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Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rod Not enteric |
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What was thought to cause the flu until 1933
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Pfeffer's Bacillus, (1892-1933)
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Haemophilis influenza (flu) is commonly seen in who?
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Children under 5
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Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rod Not enteric |
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What is the vaccine for Haemophilis and when was it
introduced |
Hib vaccine
2000 |
Gracilicute
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative Rod Not enteric |
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How many cases of Bacterial Meningitis are seen each year world wide and how many of those result in death?
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3-4 Million seen
450,000 deaths |
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
have what 02 requirements |
they are the smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites
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Gram negative
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Rickettsia rickettsia
is responsible for what? |
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites Zoonose |
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What is the vector for Rickettsia rickettsia?
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dog ticks, wood ticks
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Zoonose
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How does Rickettsia rickettsia appear on a person?
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red spots on skin
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How is Rickettsia rickettsia transmitted
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Arthropod borne
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Where (geographically is Rickettsia rickettsia seen
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Georgia and the Carolinas
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What are common reservoirs for Rickettsia rickettsia
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Cattle and Antelope
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Rickettsia prowazekii
is responsible for what illness |
Typhus or Typhus fever
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites |
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How is Rickettsia prowazekii
transmitted? |
Arthropod-borne
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites |
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What is the vector for Rickettsia prowazekii
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Human Lice
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites |
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Rickettsia prowazekii is well noted in what?
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WWI trench warfare, prisoner of war camps
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites |
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Chlamydia trachomatis
Is responsible for what illness |
Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites STD |
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How is Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted
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infects newborn during childbirth.
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Nongonococcal Urethritis and Lymphogranulma venereum
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Nongonococcal Urethritis and Lymphogranulma venereum
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites STD |
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Nongonococcal Urethritis and Lymphogranulma venereum is commonly asymptomatic in who?
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adults
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
smallest, all obligate intracellular parasites STD |
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Ehrlichia chaffeenis is responsible for what?
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Human Monocyte Ehrlichiosis
HME and Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis HGE |
Rickettsias and Chlamydiassmallest, all obligate intracellular parasites
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How is Ehrlichia chaffeenis
transmitted |
Arthropod-borne
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What is the vector for Ehrlichia chaffeenis
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Lone Star Tick, Deer Tick, Dog Tick
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Unknown before 1986, considered emerging disease
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How many cases of Ehrlichia chaffeenis have been seen annually since 2000
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400
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what does Ehrlichia chaffeenis
cause |
Leukopenia
Fatal particularly in the elderly |
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Mycolasma is responsible for what?
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Walking Pneumonia, Mycoplasmal Pneumonia or Primary Atypical Pneumonia
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Mycoplasmas
Wall-less Tenericute Cant use antibiotics that attack a cell wall as there is none. |
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How is Mycoplasma Pneumonia
transmitted? |
Airborne,
droplets or contact with nasal secretions |
Wall-less Tenericute
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How long is the commuicability for Mycoplasma Pneumonia
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20 Days
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Wall-less Tenericute
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How long does Mycoplasma Pneumonia persist in the pharynx
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up to 13 weeks
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Wall-less Tenericute
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what is the incubation time of Mycoplasma Pneumonia
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6-32 days
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Wall-less Tenericute
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When do epidemics of Mycoplasma Pneumonia typically occur
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late summer or fall
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Wall-less Tenericute
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What do you treat Mycoplasma Pneumonia with
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Erythromycin
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Wall-less Tenericute
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What is the morphology of gram positve cocci
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cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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Staphlococcus aureus is transmitted how?
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Hospital aquired
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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What is Staphlococcus aureus known as
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MRSA
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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How do you treat Staphlococcus aureus
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Vancomycin only
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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What does Staphlococcus aureus do to the skin
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causes various skin boils, carbuncles, furuncles, abscesses, sepsis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelities, endocarditis, TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome), SSSS
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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What does MRSA stand for
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Methlaycillan Resistant Staphlococcus Aureus
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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Staphlococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome and Staphlococcal food poisoning are transmitte how?
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Skin Contact and Foodborne
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Gram Positive Firmicute
cocci in clusters or packets that are strict aerobic or facultative anaerobic |
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Describe Family Streptococcaceae
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Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant
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will want 02 lower than normal
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Streptococcaceae pyogenes has how many serologic types
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80
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Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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what does Streptococcaceae pyogenes cause
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streptococcal sore throat, skin infections, scarlet fever, Puerperal (Childhood) Fever, TSS, Rheumatic Fver and the recently famous Flesh Eating Disease, a strain with a particular Protease aggression
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Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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How is Streptococcaceae transmitted
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Airborne, Skin Contact and Wound infection
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Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae causes what?
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Bacterial meningitis
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Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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How is Streptococcus pneumoniae transmitted
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Airborne, Otits Media (inflammation of the middle ear)
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Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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Who is Streptococcus pneumonia most likely to be seen in
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Children under 5
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Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is treated with
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Pnuemovax/Prevnar
vaccine available since 2000 |
Firmicute
Cocci in pairs and chains that are strict anaerobic or aerotolerant |
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Describe Family Bacillaceae
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Bacillus are facultative anaerobic and Clostridium are obligate anaerobes
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Bacillus anthracis is responsible for what?
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Cutaneous Anthrax (wound infection) and Respiratory Anthrax Airborne (rare naturally)
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Bacillus anthracis is a zoonose true or false
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True
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Bacillus anthracis goes through livestock how?
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wild resevoirs
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Bacillus anthracis can be transmitted by direct contact with what?
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infected tissues or soil
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Bacillus anthracis causes what?
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skin lesions called black eschar, septicemia, respiratory distress, fever, shock
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Is there a vaccine available for Bacillus anthracis?
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Yes to those who are high risk
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Firmicute
Endospore Forming Rods and Cocci |
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Clostridium tetani causes what?
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Tetanus or Lock Jaw
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How is Clostridium tetani trasmitted
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wound infections
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Clostridium tetani is a common what
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Soil saprophyte
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium tetani is found where
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world wide
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium tetani will most likely survive in deep wound where infection is sealed off and it becomes
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anaerobic
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium tetani neurotoxin to block release of inhibitory neurotransmitter allowng both a muscle and its antagonist to ___________unrelenting contraction of ___________causes________
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contract
diaphragm death |
Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Toxoid vaccine should be given when?
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6 months and then every 10 years
DPT Vaccine |
Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium perfringens causes?
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Clostridium Food Poisoning
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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How is Clostridium perfringens transmitted?
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Foodborne, also Gas Gangrene - wound infection
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Where is Clostridium perfringens commonly found?
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in soil and the GI tracts of humans and animals
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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what does Clostridium perfringens produce
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11 toxins that lyse RBC's and WBC's, increasing vascular permeability, reduce BP and kills host cells
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium botulinum causes what?
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Botulism
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium botulinum is transmitted how?
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Foodborne
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Clostridium botulinum .....Infant Botulism is transmitted with the ingestion of?
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endospores, commonly associated with high protein foods in anaerobic condition..home canning
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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What does the Neurotoxin block in Clostridium botulinum?
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release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions resulting in flacid paralysis
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Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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How many distinct botulism toxins are there (Clostridium botulinum)
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7 (A - G) considered deadliest known toxins.
30gms of pure toxin would be enough to kill everyone in the U.S!!!!! |
Gram Positive Firmicute
Endospore forming Rods and Cocci Family Bacillaceae Bacillus are facultative anaerobic Clostridium are obligate anaerobes |
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Lactobacillus sp causes what?
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No disease
mutalist symbiotic bacteria |
Gram Postive Firmicute
Regular Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods |
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Lactobacillus sp is a normal inhabitant of what?
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The vagina of sexually active women
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Gram Postive Firmicute
Regular Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods |
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The presence of Lactobacillus inhibits what?
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growth of other microbes, notably yeasts.
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Gram Postive Firmicute
Regular Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods |
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Where are some related species of Lactobacillus sp found?
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fermented milk products, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sourdough
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Gram Postive Firmicute
Regular Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods |
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Listeria monocytogenes cause what?
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Literiosis
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Irregular nonsporing Gram Positive Rods
Firmicute |
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Listeria monocytogenes are transmitted how?
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Foodborne
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Irregular nonsporing Gram Positive Rods
Firmicute |
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Diptheria
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Irregular nonsporing Gram Positive Rods
Firmicute |
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Corynebacterium diphteriae is a known what?
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childhood disease, acute bacterial disease of the upper respiratory/GI tract, greyish pseudomembrane in mucus membrane of throat
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Irregular nonsporing Gram Positive Rods
Firmicute |
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae displays toxic efficts of ?
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palsy and myocarditis
now rare due to DTP vaccine |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes?
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Tuberculosis
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Mycobacteria
Firmicute |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows in the lungs as ?
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calcified tubercules that are indentified by xray.
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Mycobacteria
Firmicute |
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what is the test used to diagnose tuberculosis?
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Tuberculin diagnostic test, used to screen population for chronic carriers. Economically dependant, poor nutrition/health, new identified isoniazid resistant strains
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Mycobacteria
Firmicute |
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Mycobacterium leprae causes?
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Leprosy or Hansen's disease
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Mycobacteria
Firmicute |
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How is Mycobacterium leprae transmitted
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Skin contact,
Although...mode of transmission is still uncertain, probably contact with breaks in the skin or airborne for tuberculoid type |
Mycobacteria
Firmicute |
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What is Leprosy
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a chronic bacterial disease of the skin, peripheral nerves and upper air way
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Mycobacteria
Firmicute |
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Streptomycetes and Related Genera
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Streptomyces
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Firmicute
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Streptomyces sp causes what?
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no disease
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Steptomyces sp is found where?
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common soil saprophyte
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what is the number one antibiotic producer
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Streptomyces sp
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Kingdom Fungi are also called?
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Mycetae
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Kingdom Fungi were once part of ?
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Kingdom Plantae.
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Kingdom Fungi possess what kind of membrane?
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nuclear membrane and mulitiple paired chromosomes
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KF May be what kind of cells?
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Single Cell - Yeasts (pseudohypha) and Multicellular forms - Molds (filamentous multicellular type
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KF are chemoheterothrophs..
True or False |
True....plants are autotrophs
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KF movement is?
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Mostly NON motile
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The Cell wall for KF is?
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rigid, made up of nitrogenous polysaccharides, Glucans, Mannans, and Chitin, but no Cellulose
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How do KF get there food
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ABSORB...excrete enzymes, grow on a substrate, extracellular digestion.
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How can KF reproduce
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ASEXUALLY (all the time)
Sexually (rarely) |
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How do KF reproduce primarily?
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with hardy SPORES (both sexually and asexually produced) that are designed toi disseminate easily like plant seeds
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What 2 kinds of Life styles do KF have
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Most are Saphrophytes (existing entirely on dead organic material) A a Few are Parasitic 100/100,000 plants, a wide diversity of animals and some are human.
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What are the 4 factors of Mycotic disease (Mycoses)
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1.) commonly thought to be rare tropical diseases, but found everywhere.
2..)commonly misdiagnosed. 3.)testing has been slow and difficult 4.) more deaths in U.S. than typhoid, tetanus or polio |
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What is Dimorphism
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Dimorphic Fungi a minority of species that can change between a single cell yeast to multicellular mold and back again
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Yeasts cell structure?
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except for dimorphic species they are always unicellular. May form a pseudohypha which can be thought of as a colony formation.
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yeasts O2 requirements
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Facultively anaerobic (w/ or w/out o2) only other microbes besides prokaryotes that are
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What are yeast shape
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egg shaped, elongated or spherical
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Yeast size
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5-30 microns in length, 1 to 5 microns in width
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How do yeasts reproduce? and what does this form
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budding
balstospores |
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Molds 02 requirements
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strict aerobes
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How do molds grow?
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tubular strands called hypha
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what is nonseptate?
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No division between cells
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what is uninucleate septate
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central pore in septum, continuous cell membrane, one nucleus between each septa.
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Multinuclaeate septate
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More than one nucleus between septa
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molds
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what is mycelium
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A mat of hyphae visible to the naked eye cobweb like
Macroscopic |
MOLD
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What is Aerial Mycelium
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Exposed to 02, not to nutrients
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MOLD
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What is Vegetative Mycelium
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exposed to nutrients not to O2
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MOLDS
Has to grow where there is food |
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What are Stolons and Rhizoids
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(VEG) extensions to establish new mycelium (plants)
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MOLDS
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What are Fruiting bodies
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Reproductive cells source of spores, both types
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MOLDS
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What are the charactersics of SPORES
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1.Produce in High numbers
2. easily disseminated 3. most are very resistant to adverse conditions 4. can remain viable for very long time periods waiting for suitable environment |
MOLDS
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What are the Sexual Spore Types
|
1. Zygospores
2. Oospores 3. Ascospores 4. Basidiospores |
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Zygospores
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formed by union of gametangia
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Oospores
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modified tpe of zygospore formed by union o oogonium and antheridium
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Ascospores
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formed in an ASCUS (sac) may form in large ASCOCARPS
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Basidiospores
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Formed by BASIDIUM (club) may form in large BASIDIOCARPS
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What are the (4) Medical Classifications of Mycoses
|
1.Systemic - typically airborne
2.Subcutaneous - typically wound infections (from soil) 3.Cutaneous- aka Dermatophytoses (Athletes foot, Ring worm, jock itch 4. Superficial upper most dead layers of skin or hair...White Piedra, Tinea Versicolor Superficial |
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Most all mycoses are _______A_____which means the agent is living mostly as a ______B_______but takes the opportunity to infect host if the right conditions exist
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A....OPPORTUNISTIC
B....SAPROPHYTES |
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Most mycoses are contracted from the?
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Environment, where the pt comes in contact with high concentrations of spores
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Mycoses are rarely spread in what way
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from one infected host to another
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Kingdom Fungi or ?
|
Mycota
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Subkingdom of Fungi is?
|
Eumycophyta/The True Fungi
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Phylum Zygomycota most are ?
|
Water Molds 1100 species
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Phylum Zygomycota
Sexual spores are called |
Zygospores and Oospores
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Phylum Zygomycota
Asexual spores are called? |
Sporangiospores
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they are split up by sexual type
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Phylum Zygomycota significant species:
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Rhizopus sp
opportunistic, systemic, airborne, also is the classic bread mold |
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Phylum Zygomycota significant species:
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Mucor sp.
opportunistic, systemic, Airborne |
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Phylum Zygomycota significant species:
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Absdia sp.
opportunistic, systemic, Airborne |
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Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Abisidia sp:
Produce what kind of diseases |
Zygomycoses
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Zygomycoses diseases are commonly seen in who?
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pts with uncontrolled diabetes, people who inject illegal drugs, cancer pts, pts receiving antimicrobial agents.
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Infections from Zygomycoses diseases generally develop where on the body
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In the face and head area, but can also develop elsewhere, including the lungs, GI tract or skin
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Where can Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Abisidia sp:
be found |
in the soil, on decaying organic matter, or as contaminants that cause food spoilage
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Phylum Ascomycota are known as?
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The SAC Fungi
32,000 known species |
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|
Spore types for Phylum Ascomycota?
|
Sexual Spores - Ascospores
Asexual spores - Conidiospores, Arthrospores, and Blastospores Septate Hyphae or Yeasts |
|
|
|
What is Bakers/Brewers Yeast?
|
Saccaromyces cerevisiae - NONPATHOGEN
|
|
|
|
Saccaromyces cerevisiae CO2
Ethanlol |
Aerobically
Anaerobically Also HIGH Content of vitamins and minerals |
GREAT to add to food for added nutrient value
|
|
|
Candida albicans
|
Candidiasis
80% of healthy individuals have this in their GI tract Passed to babies during childbirth |
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Candida albicans can infect what tissues
|
can infect tissues in almost every body system and produce a wide range of diseases.
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Candida albicans mostly in?
|
5% of all newborns, 10% of all elderly and AIDS pts.
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Name three type of canidiasis
|
Thrush or oropharyngeal
Vulvovaginal Urinary |
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Aspergillus fumigatus causes?
|
Aspergillosis
Seen only in immunocomprimised pts...may become systemic |
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Microsporum canis causes
|
tinea capitis (ringworm on head), Tiinea corporis (Ringworm on body)
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
How is Microporum canis transmitted?
|
skin contact Dermatophyte
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Trichophytn sp causes
|
Tinea pedis (athletes foot) Tinea cruris (Jock itch)
Tinea coporis (ringworm on the body Tinea captis (ringworm on head) |
|
|
|
How is Trichophyton sp spread
|
skin contact
Dermatophyte |
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Histoplasma capsulatum causes
|
Histoplasmosis
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Histoplasma capsulatum is tranmitted how
|
Airborne - systemic
Associated with Bird droppings Systemic Subcutaneous Lesions |
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Blastomyces dermatitidis causes
|
Blastomycois
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Blastomycosis is transmitted how?
|
Airborne systemic, associated with soil...causes subcutaneous lesions.
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Sporothrix schenckii causes
|
Sporothrichosis
Wound infection |
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Pneumocystis Jeroveci causes
|
Pneumocystis pneumonia or interstitial cell pneumoia associated with AIDS patients
|
May be considered a Sporozoan (Protista)
|
|
|
Morchella sp produces
|
tasty asocarps called MORELS
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
what was the first organism discovered to produce antibiotics
|
Penicillium notatum
|
ASCOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Coccidioides immitis causes
|
Coccididoidomycosis...San Joaquin Valley Fever
Airborne...associated with wet summers and dry falls, dust storms spherule a small number may become systemic |
|
|
|
paracoccdioides brasiliensis causes
|
paracoccidioidomycosis
Airborne - systemic initial respiratory infection that may disseminate Lesions of mucous membranes of mouth and nose |
MIMICS TB
ASCOMYCOTA |
|
|
Phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA
is known as ? |
THE CLUB FUNGI
22000 known species |
BASIDIOMYCOTA
|
|
|
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Sexual spore type Asexual spore type Septate |
Basidiospores (toadstools)
Conidiospores Hyphae |
BASIDIOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Basidiomycetes may produce?
|
BASIDIOCARPS
Produce poisons called MYCOTOXINS some of the deadliest substances known to man |
BASIDIOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans causes
|
Cryptococcosis
Airborne - Systemic Bird droppings |
BASIDIOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Phylum Deuteromycota
|
The Imperfect Fungi
Is becoming obsolete Sexual Spore none or unknown Asexual many Septate Hyphae (may be yeast like or dimorphic) |
BASIDIOMYCOTA
|
|
|
Epidermophyton floccisum
|
Tinea Pedis (athletes foot) Tinea Cruris (jock itch)
skin contact Dermatophye |
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Dermatophyte |
|
|
Parasitology
|
study of both Protista and Animal Parasites
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Protozoology
|
Study of Protozoa - ol subkingdom of Animalia along with Metazoa
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Protista kingdom is made up of
|
single celled animals and single celled plants ..plus a number of odd balls that dont fit into either
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Protista are Eukaryotic
True or false |
TRUE
|
Protista
|
|
|
Protista cell structure
|
All single celled
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Protista are Chemoheterotrophs(animal like) Photoautotrophs(Plant like)
|
YES THEY ARE!
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
How do Protista eat?
|
ENGULF their food
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Protista Movement
|
MOTILE
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
How do Protista reproduce
|
Sexually and Asexually and may have to do both to complete life cycle
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
What about Protista cell walls
|
some have walls and some have shells
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Parasitic species have what kind of life cycles?
|
complex
|
PROTISTA
|
|
|
how many species of PROTISTA are there
|
64,000
10,000 are parasitic |
PROTISTA
|
|
|
Kingdom protista has how many phylums?
|
27
4 of medical significance |
PROTISTA
|
|
|
How do Sarcodina move?
|
Pseudopodia
|
SARCODINA
Move by pseudopodia |
|
|
Entamoeba histolytica cause
|
Amebiasis, Amebic Dysentary, Montezomas revenge
|
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
how is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted
|
waterborne,
poor sanitation, ingestion of cysts, direct contact...food handlers |
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
What is the treatment for Entamoeba histolytica
|
Metronidazole, Iodoqauinal, Dehydroemetine
|
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
Naegleria fowleri causes
|
Divers Disease, Amebic meningoencehalitis
|
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
How is naegleria fowleri transmited
|
exposure of nasal passages to contaminate water
stagnant ponds lakes hottubs spas |
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
Naegleria fowleri can cause hat
|
DEATH IN 10 days!!!
|
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
Where is naegleria fowleri found geographically?
|
Southern states
|
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
What is the treatment for naegleria fowleri
|
Amphotericin D (Fungizone)
|
SARCODINA
move by pseudopodia |
|
|
Phylum II
Mastigophora Move by what |
Flagella (Undulopodia
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Trichomonas vaginalis causes
|
STD Trichomoniasis
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Trichomoniasis is reponsible for 3% of what?
|
nongonococcal urethritis, in women Vagintis frequently asymptomatic. In men persists in prostate,urethra or seinal vesicles
PAINFUL URINATION |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What do you treat Trichomoniasis with
|
metronidazole (Flagyl)
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Giardia lamblia causes?
|
Hikers Dysentary, Giardiasis
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Giardia lamblia can be seen where (geographically) ?
|
WORLD WIDE
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Giardia lamblia
|
Primarily infection of the upper small intestine, frequently asymptomatic, chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, frequent loose and pale greasy stools, fatigue and weight loss.
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What is the Reservoir for Giardia lamblia
|
Man, possibly beaver and other wild and domesticated animals.
Need to take canteen of water when hiking...NOT drink from streams, etc. |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What do you treat Giardia lamblia with?
|
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Trypanosmoa brucei subspecies?
Causes what? |
brucei, gambiense and _rhodesiense
African sleeping sickness African Trypanosomiasis |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What is Vector for Trypanosoma brucei?
|
Tse-tse fly
genus Glossina |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What are the primary hosts for Trypanosoma brucei
|
wild antelope populations
ZOONOSE |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
what are symptoms of Trypanosoma brucei
|
painful chancre at bite site
fever intense headache inomnia painless enlarged lymph nodes local edema and rash LATE STAGES = body wasting somnolence |
symptoms may appear years after infection
|
|
|
How is Trypanosoma brucei treated
|
Pentamidine, Melarsoprol
(Mel-B) High mortality rate if left untreated |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Trypanosoma cruzi causes?
|
Chaga's Disease
American Trypanosomiasis |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Trypanosoma cruzi's vector is?
|
Cone-nosed bug, gets you at night!
genus Triatoma Family Reduviidae Zoonose |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Trypanosoma cruzi causes what kind of infection?
|
SYSTEMIC....causing heart failure and meningoencephalitis
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Where is Trypanosoma cruzi found (geographically)?
|
South america and southern resevoirs, Man and over 150 species of domestic and wild animals
|
Dogs, cats, opossums, armadillos, wood rats are pimary hosts.
|
|
|
How do you treat Trypanosoma cruzi?
|
Nifurtimox
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Leishmania donovani causes
|
Kala-Azar, Post-Kala-Azar, Dermal leishmaniasis
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Leishmania donovani's vector is ?
|
Sandfly
Genus is Phlebotamus |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
What does Leishmania donovani cause to the body
|
FACIAL disfigurement
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Where is Leishmania donovani found (geographically)
|
South America, Africa, Southern Asia
|
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
L. Braziliensis
L. mexicana |
Leishmania donovani
facial disfigurement (Espudia Uta) Chiclero Ulcer, Bay Sore |
Mastigophora
MOVE BY FLAGELLA (UNDULOPODIA) |
|
|
Phylum III
Ciliophora move how? |
Cilia
|
|
|
|
Balantidiium coli causes
|
Balantidiasis or Bloody diarrhea
|
PHYLUM III
CILIOPHORA MOVE BY CILIA |
|
|
What are they symptoms of Balantidiium coli
|
nausea and vomiting....symptoms may resemble amebiasis
|
PHYLUM III
CILIOPHORA MOVE BY CILIA |
|
|
What are the resevoirs for Balantidium coli?
|
Humans, pigs and maybe rats...
Waterborne disease...may cause epidemics in areas wit poor sanitation. may be fatal in those that are debilitated |
PHYLUM III
CILIOPHORA MOVE BY CILIA |
|
|
How is Balantidium coli treated?
|
Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Tetracyclines
|
PHYLUM III
CILIOPHORA MOVE BY CILIA |
|
|
Phylum IV APICOMPLEXA
moves how? |
Features an apical complex
Traphozoite DOES NOT MOVE |
APICOMPLEXA
NON MOTILE APICAL COMPLEX TROPHOZOITE ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Plasmodium malariae
species = |
plasmodium
|
PHYLUM III
CILIOPHORA MOVE BY CILIA |
|
|
what is the vector for Malaria?
|
Anopheles mosquito
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
How many people have Malaria?
|
100-300 million infected worldwide
2-4 million deaths every year |
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
What is the treatment for malaria
|
Quinine derivatives
Chloroquine as prophylaxis Primaquine as a control |
Liver bound
|
|
|
Toxoplasma gondi causes
|
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Toxoplasmosis
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
Who is the host for Toxoplasma gondi
|
CATS
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
How does Toxolasma gondi threaten the unborn?
|
Fetal infection can cause death or severe CNS damge
|
Cats get this from eating infected animals
oocysts in feces |
|
|
Who are the intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondi?
|
sheep, goats, rodents,swine, cattle, chickens, and birds
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
How is Toxoplasma transmitted?
|
Eating raw or undercooked infected meat...ingestion of oocysts in food or water contaminated with feline feces
Childrens sandboxes |
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
What is the treatment for Toxoplasmosis?
|
Pyrimethamine, Sulfadoxine, Fansider
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
Cryptosporidium sp causes
|
Cryptosporsis
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
How is Cryptosporidium sp transmitted?
|
Waterborne, Zoonose
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
What is Cryptosporidium sp associated with?
|
animal wastes contaminating drinking
Enteritis carried by cows sheep turkeys chickens, guinea pigs |
Current water purification palnts do not filter out sporulated oocysts..small
|
|
|
NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF DISSENTARY IN US IS?
|
Cryptosporidium sp
|
TROPHoZITE
non motile all are parasites lifecycles feature spore stage |
|
|
What are the General Characteristics of the animal kingdom?
|
Eukaryotic
All are multicellular All are chemoheterotrophs Most are Motile Sex is required Specializatin of cells, tissues, and organs |
Kingdom Animalia
|
|
|
What is the order of sophistication for Animal Kingdom?
|
Reproductive
Nervous Digestive Excretory Respiratory |
|
|
|
Phylum Platyheminthes are known as what worms?
|
FLAT WORMS
|
all their cells are near the surface
|
|
|
Platyhelmintes are very thin
true or false |
YES
They are very thin in cross section |
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
|
|
|
Most Platyhlminthes have what kind of reproductive system?
|
Well developed, Most are Hermaphroditic (Male and Female organs in the same individual)
|
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
|
|
|
Platyhelminthes have what kind of nervous and excretory system?
|
Rudimentary
very little |
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
|
|
|
Platyhelminthes have what kind of digestive or respiratory system..
|
NONE
|
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
|
|
|
Class Cestoda are?
|
The Tapeworms
|
|
|
|
All Cestoda are?
|
parasites of other animals
|
|
|
|
Scolex, Rostellum, Suckers and Hooks (armed or unarmed) Proglottids (immature, mature and gravid)
are characteristics of what? |
Tapeworms
|
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Class Cestoda |
|
|
Name the Human Cestodes?
|
Taenia solium
Taenia pisiformis Diphyllobothrium latus Hymenolepis diminuta Ehinococcus granulosis |
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Human - Pork - Tapeworm
|
Taenia solium
|
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Human - Beef - Tapeworm
|
Taenia saginata
|
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Dog - Rabbit- Tapeworm
|
Taenia pisiformis
|
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Broad Fish Tapeworm,
Bears Copopods Fish |
Diphyllobothrium latus
|
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Armed Dwarf Tapeworm,
Rats Grain Beetles |
Hymenolepsis nana
|
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Unarmed Dwarf Tapeworm
Rats Grain Beetles |
Hymenolepis diminuta
|
HUMAN CESTODES
|
|
|
Class Trematodes are the?
|
Flukes
Liver, Intesinal, lung, blood |
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Clorinchis sinesis
ORIENTAL liver fluke HUMANS/SNAIL/FISH |
Liver Fluke
|
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Fasciola hepatica
Sheep Liver Fluke |
Sheep/Snail/Aquatic Veg
|
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Intestinal Fluke
|
Fasciolopis buski
|
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Fasciolopis buski
|
Giant intestinal fluke
Human/Snail/Aquatic Veg |
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Lung Fluke
|
Paragonimus westermanni
|
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
paragonimus westermanni
|
Mammal
Snail Crab |
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Blood Flukes
|
Schistosoma mansoni
Lower Nile River Egypt Hepatic Portal Veins Seperate sexes Sexual Dimorphism...male much larger |
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Schistosoma life cylcle
|
Human
snail human |
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Schistomsoma haematobium
|
Upper Nile,
Sudan Urinary Bladder plexus |
|
|
|
Schistomsoma japonicum
|
Orient...MOST SERIOUS
HEPATIC portal~ MOST VIRULENT OF the Schistosomas |
Tremetoda
Human Trematodes NOT ALL ARE PARASITES |
|
|
Gigantobilharzia sp
Trichobilharzia sp Schistosomatium sp |
Swimmers itch, Birds or muscrats or snails
BIRDS< SNAIL*HUMANS BY MISTAKE |
discovered at Douglas Lake Mi 1901
|
|
|
Phylum Nematoda
|
Roundworms
|
|
|
|
Nematode Characteristics
SEX |
Sexually Dimorphic seperate sexes..can look different from each other!
|
|
|
|
Nematode Sensory Receptors
|
Amphid - anterior end
Phasmid - Posterior end |
|
|
|
Nematode GI tract
|
Complete...mouth, intestine, anus with a pseudocoelom
(false body cavity) |
|
|
|
Nematode muscles?
|
Only longitudinal...
Cannot contract body can only coil up, movement is snake like |
|
|
|
Nematode cuticle?
|
outer covering of waxy material they secrete.
Non-antigenic, they must MOLT to grow... |
|
|
|
Most Nemotodes live where?
|
In soil and vegitation
free living saprophytes |
|
|
|
What is the most economically important of all parasites?
|
Nemetodes...
|
main reason our food decays
|
|
|
What age do you need to have to identify a nematode?
|
ADULT
|
|
|
|
JI
|
may be in egg
juvenile stage |
Nematode
|
|
|
J2
|
Rhabditiform soil feeder
|
Nematode
|
|
|
J3
|
Filariform
typically infective stage |
|
|
|
Adult
|
Egg producer
|
|
|
|
Phylum Nematoda
|
Roundworms
|
|
|
|
Ascarids
|
Large intestinal Roundworms
|
Nematoda
|
