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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is hypersensitivity?
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also considered an allergy is an exaggerated immune response that injures or inflames tissues.
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what is Hemolytic disease?
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incompatible RH factor between mother and fetus causes maternal antibodies to attack the fetus and trigger complement-mediated lysis in the fetus.
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what is Autoimmunity?
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an individual actually develops hypersensitivity to themselves. This process accounts for autoimmune diseases, in which autoantibodies, T cells and in some cases, both, mount an abnormal attack against self antigens
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what is Immunodeficiency?
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immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed.
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what is Atopy?
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allergic reaction classified as type I, with a strong familiar relationship; caused by allergens such as pollen, insect venom, food, and dander; involves IgE antibody; includes symptoms of hay fever, asthma, and skin rash
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what is Anaphylaxis?
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the usual or exaggerated allergic reaction to antigen that leads to severe respiratory and cardiac complications
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what is Histamine?
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a cytokine released when mast cells and basophils release their granules. An impt mediator of allergy, its effects include smooth muscle, contraction, increased vascular permeability, and increased mucus secretion
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what are Leucotrienes?
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unsaturated fatty acid derivative of arachidonic acid. Leukotriene functions in chemotactic activity, smooth muscle secretion, and capillary permeability.
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what are Prostaglandins?
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a hormonelike substance that regulates many body functions. Comes from a family of organic acids containing 5 carbon rings that are essential to the human diet.
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what are Cytokines?
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a chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates dev., inflammation, and immunity.
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what is Rh?
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isoantigen that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood factors.
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explain immune complexes
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formation of pathogenic complex formation: antibody combine with excess soluble antigen terming large quantities of AB/AG complexes. Circulating immune compleses become loged in the basement membrane of epithelia in sites such as kidney, lungs, joint and skin. Fragments of complement cause release of histamine and other mediator substances. Neutrophils migrate to the site of immune complex deposition and release enzymes that cause severe damage in the tissues and organs involved.
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what is Arthus rxn?
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Injection of serum, hormones, drugs
• Systemic Arthus injury • Ag-Ab complexes circulate in the blood and eventually settle into membranes (kidney, heart, skin) • Chronic – enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, painful joints, swelling, fever, and renal dysfunction |
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what is serum sickness?
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Injection of serum, hormones, drugs
• Systemic Arthus injury • Ag-Ab complexes circulate in the blood and eventually settle into membranes (kidney, heart, skin) • Chronic – enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, painful joints, swelling, fever, and renal dysfunction |
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what is delayed hypersensitivity?
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is a type of response to allergens, distinct from immediate allergies such as hay fever and anaphylaxis.
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what is an Allergen?
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- (antigens) cause an exaggerated immune response or hypersensitivity
Urticaria- type I. causes hives. a vascularreaction of the upper dermis marked by transient appearance of slightly elevated patches |
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what is Pruritis?
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itching
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what is wheal & flare?
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anaphalaxis. inflammatory reaction to the local injection of an allergen
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what is vasodilation?
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increased diameter of blood vessels.
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what is Bronchodilation?
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is the dilatation of the airways in the lungs due to the relaxation of surrounding smooth muscle
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what is bronchoconstriction?
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is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Bronchoconstriction can also be due to an accumulation of thick mucus.
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what is Bradykinin?
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- Prolonged smooth muscle contractions
of the bronchioles • Dilatation of peripheral arterioles • Increase capillary permeability • Increase mucous secretion |
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what is Dilation?
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refers to an enlargement or expansion in bulk or extent, the opposite of contraction
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what is permeability?
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a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids
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what is blocking antibody?
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used for for allergic desensitization
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what is hypersensitivity and what can trigger it?
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Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction) refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system. Alergens can trigger this.
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what are 4 categories of hypersensitivity?
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Type I- immediate (hay fever, anaphalaxis)
– Type II-antibody mediated (blood type incompatibility) – Type III-immune complex (rheumatoid arthritis,serum sickness) – Type IV-cell mediated cytotoxic (contact dermatitis,graft rejection) |
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What is atopy?
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Chronic local allergy. Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), asthma, dermatitis
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what is anaphylaxis??
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? is an acute multi-system severe type I hypersensitivity reaction
• Cutaneous – Wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to the local injection of an allergen • Systemic – Rapid immune response that can disrupt respiratory and circulatory systems – Can result in death |
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what are roles of mast cells?
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Contain receptors that bind IgE
antibodies • Ubiquitous location (connective tissue for most organs) • Secrete chemical mediators from cytoplasmic granules • Release contents of granules by degranulation |
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what about IgE?
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It plays an important role in allergy, and is especially associated with type 1 hypersensitivity.[2] IgE has also been implicated in immune system responses to most parasitic worms[3] like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica,[4][5][6] and may be important during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such as It plays an important role in allergy, and is especially associated with type 1 hypersensitivity.[2] IgE has also been implicated in immune system responses to most parasitic worms[3] like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica,[4][5][6] and may be important during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such asIt plays an important role in allergy, and is especially associated with type 1 hypersensitivity.[2] IgE has also been implicated in immune system responses to most parasitic worms[3] like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica,[4][5][6] and may be important during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such as Type II = lysing foreign cells. (ABO is an example)
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What about Rh and babies
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Another RBC antigen
– At least one dominant allele = Rh+ – Two recessive alleles = Rh- • Placental sensitization • Hemolytic disease • Prevention • Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus • First birth – Little anti-Rh antibody produced – Memory cells • Second birth – Larger immune response – Hemolysis |
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What is a type III reaction? how is it characterized? what components does it include?
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Similar to Type II, except antibodies
react with free- antigens, no fixed antigens • Ab-Ag complexes deposit in tissue causing immune complex reactions |
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explain arthus reaction.
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is usually an acute response to a second injection of vaccines or dugs at the same site as the first injection. In a few hours, the area becomes red, hot to the touch, swollen, and very painful.
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explain serum sickness?
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was named for a condition that appeared in soldiers after repeated injections of hose serum to treat tetanus. It can also be caused by injections of animal hormones and drugs.
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Type IV CMI (delayed hypersensitivity)
What is a type IV reaction? how is it characterized? what components does it include? |
Cell-mediated (delayed) reactions
– Primary a T cell response • Delayed-type hypersensitivity • Infectious allergy • Contact dermatitis • Tissue rejection look at fig 16.15 |
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explain transplantation?
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Autograft
(Tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual ) • Isograft (Tissue transplanted between two genetically identical individuals) All ft • Allograft (tissue or organ transplanted from same species donor, but different genetic makeup) |
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what is autoimmune disease? what are theories of its origin? Some hypothetical possibilities
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• Estrogen might stimulate destruction of tissue by cytotoxic T
cells • Some maternal cells might cross the placenta, colonize the fetus, and trigger autoimmune disease later in life • Environmental factors like viral infections • Genetic factors like certain MHC genes • T cells might encounter self-antigens that are normally “hidden” • Microorganisms might trigger autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry • Failure of the normal control mechanisms of the immune system |
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what are specific immunities?
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Immunity against a specific antigen or disease
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What is immunization?
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is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent.
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who is Jenner?
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discovered process of
vaccination |
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who is Pasteur?
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1879 \ developed a vaccine against
Pasteurella multocida Antibody transfer developed when it was discovered vaccines protected through the action of antibodies |
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What are effects of immunization?
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Redness and swellness around the area, rash, fever, severe side effects could be hives, wheezing, dizziness, fainting.
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What are benefits of vaccines?
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Long-lasting immunity
• Herd immunity – Indirect protection of nonimmune – Prevents epidemics |
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What is a vaccine? what kinds are there?
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is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters
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what is Attenuated (Live) Vaccine?
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• Use pathogens with reduced virulence
• Can result in mild infections • Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response • Can provide contact immunity • Modified microbes canretain enough residual virulence to cause disease |
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what is Inactivated (Killed) Vaccine?>
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Whole agent vaccines
• Subunit vaccines – Both safer than live vaccines • Antigenically weak because microbes don’t provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response • Often contain adjuvants (increase effective antigenicity) |
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what is Toxoid Vaccine?
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• Chemically or thermally modified toxins
used to stimulate active immunity • Useful for some bacterial diseases • Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity • Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants |
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What safey considerations for vaccinations?
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– Mild toxicity most common
– Risk of anaphylactic shock – Residual virulence from attenuated viruses – Allegations certain vaccines cause autism, diabetes, and asthma • Research has not substantiated these allegations |
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What is immunotherapy?
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is a medical term defined as "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response
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What is a hybridoma?
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An artificial cell line that produces monoclonal antibodies. It is formed by fusing a normal antibody producing cell with a cancer cell, and it can produce pure antibody indefinitely.
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describe Passive immunotherapy...
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Administration of antiserum containing preformed
antibodies • Immediate protection • Antisera limitations: – Contain antibodies against many antigens – Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness – Viral pathogens can contaminate antisera – Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly • Use Hybridomas to overcome limitations… |
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What kinds of immune testing is there? when to use which kind?
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Uses serology- study and diagnostic use of atigen-antibody interactions in blood serum.
Two categories of immune testing- Direct testing (looks for antigens). Indirect testing (looks for antibodies). How to choose? Consider suspected diagnosis, cost, and speed of result. |
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What are the various kinds of tests you can use?
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Agglutination (cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens),
neutralization (viral neutralization. Cytopathic effect – viruses introduced into appropriate cell cultures will kill the cells.), complement fixation (based on generation of membrane attack complexes during complement activation, used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in an individuals serum, can detect antibody amounts to small to detect by agglutination.), fluorescent antibody(use fluorescent dyes as labels, fluorescein is one dye used in these tests, fluorescein-labeled antibodies used in two types of tests, -direct fluorescent and –inderect fluorescent antibody tests) ELISA- Enzyme-Linked immune-sorbent assay. Uses an enzyme as the label. –reaction of enzyme with its substrate produces a colored product indication a positive test. It is commonly used to detect the presence of antibodies in serum. , Immunochromatography- very rapid and easy to read ELISAs, antigen solution flows through a porous strip, where it encounters labeled antibody, visible line produced when antigen-antibody immune complexes encounter antibody against them, used in pregnancy testing to detect human chorionic growth hormone |
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what are phenotypic methods?
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? Assess a microbe’s appearance, growth characteristics, and or arsenal of chemicals and enzymes. Direct examination of specimens, cultivation of specimens, and and biochemical testing are tools used for this method of diagnosis.
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what are genotypic methods?
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Examine the genetic content of a microbe, by analyzing its G + C content, its DNA or rNA sequence. Polymerase chain reaction is used to increase the amount of DNA in a sample so that it can be analyzed.
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what are immunological methods?
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Can be used to probe the antigenic makeup of a microbe, or to identify the presence of antibodies to a microbe in a patient’s blood. There are many variations on immunological methods, including introducing antigens into a patient to detect the presence of an immune response. These methods are often referred to as serological tests.
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what are some common sampling sites?
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saliva, sputum, blood, clean catch urine, catheter, vaginal swab or stick, nasopharynx, throat, skin swab, spinal tap, feces and skin or scapel.
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what is PCR? why is so useful?
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Polymerase chain reaction. Tests are being used or developed for a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. Amplify specific fragment DNA or gene, sensitive-amplify small amounts of sample DNA. Quick identification- 1 day
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what is agglutination?
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is discernible bc the antibodies cross-link the antigens to form / visible clumps. Tests are performed routinely by blood banks to determine ABO and Rh blood types in preparation for transfusions. In this type of test, antisera containing antibodies against the blood group antigens on red blood cells are mixed with a small sample of blood and read for the presence or absence of clumping. The Widal test is an example of a tube agglutination test for diagnosing salmonelloses and undulant fever
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what is precipitation?
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The soluble antigen is precipitated (made insoluble) by an antibody. This reaction is observable in a test tube in which antiserum has been carefully laid over an antigen solution. At the point of contact, a cloudy or opaque zone forms. One example is VDRL (veneral Disease research lab) test that also detects antibodies to syphilis. Although it is good screening test, it contains a heterophillic antigen (cardiolipin) that may give rise to false positive results
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what is complement fixation?
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an antibody that requires complement to complete the lysis of its antigenic target cell is termed a lysine or cytolysin. When lysins act in conjuction with the intrinsic complement system on red blood cells, the cells hemolyze (lyse and release hemoglobin) This lysin-mediated hemolysis is the basis of a group of tests called complement fixation, or CF.
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