Micro Exam 2

Front 1

Gram-positive sepsis

Back 1

*mortality rate: 33%
*primarily nosocomial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
*severe immune reaction to parts of bacterial cell wall or DNA

Front 2

Gram-negative sepsis

Back 2

*severe immune reaction to endotoxin (LPS) that causes coagulation and low blood pressure.
*antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria and releasing more MAMPs
*anticoagulants as possible treatments

Front 3

Endocarditis

Back 3

*Inflammation of the endocardium caused by alpha-hemolytic
streptococci (subacute) or Staphylococcus aureus (acute)from
the mouth. Strep may also cause pericarditis.
*often associated with previous injury or malformations of the heart.

Front 4

Rheumatic fever

Back 4

* killed more school-aged children than any other disease in the 20th century
* Autoimmune complication of Strep pyogenes infections attacking the heart, joints, brain or skin.
*treatment: anti-inflamatory medications and antibiotics

Front 5

Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)

Back 5

*the worlds most common zoonotic disease
*gram-negative rods that grow in phagocytes by via milk or contact with infected animals
*symptom: undulating fever. Can cause chronic, life-long disease of fever, headache, joint pain
*treatment: cocktail of antibiotics

Front 6

Tularemia

Back 6

*pathogen: Fancisella tularensis (gram -) rabbits as well as deer flees
*mortality: <3%
*symptoms: septicemia and invasive systemic infection
*treatment: streptomycin

Front 7

Cat-scratch disease

Back 7

*pathogen: Bartonella
*symptoms: malaise/fever/lymph node swelling
*treatment: self limiting

Front 8

Burkitt's lymphoma

Back 8

*pathogen: Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
*symptom: nasopharyngeal carcinoa/tumor
*pathogenisis: Provirus insertion into chromosomal
*associated with immunosuppressed individuals (malaria and AIDs patients)
*treatment: Rituximab monoclonal antibody

Front 9

CMV Infections

Back 9

*pathogen: Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
*prevalence: 60% of US population
*part of TORCH since it may be transmitted across placenta and cause mental retardation.
*transmission: sexually, by blood, or by transplanted tissue. Causes cells to swell "cyto" "mega"

Front 10

Ebola Hemorrhagic fever

Back 10

*Pathogen: Ebola hemorrhagic virus
*mortality rate: >50% due to MODS
*Symptoms: flu-like symptoms. 10% of cases have hemorrhagic symptoms
*transmission: body fluids
*treatment: supportive (anticoagulants/fluids)

Front 11

Dengue Fever

Back 11

*pathogen: Dengue virus
*Incidence: ~100 million infected/year
*Signs/symptoms: mild fever plus two of the following: rash, headache, eye pain, muscle/bone pain, mild bleeding, low WBC count
*mortality: <1%
*Dengue Hemorrhagic fever: <5%
*Transmission: mosquito

Front 12

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Back 12

*pathogen: Hantavirus
*symptoms: 2-4 week incubation followed by flu-like symptoms in early stage, then difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and coughing.
*mortality: 60% rate
*transmission: from mice urine/waste products or bites.
*prevention: rodent control

Front 13

Toxoplasmosis

Back 13

*pathogen: protozoan Toxoplasma gondii
*transmission: undercooked meat or cat feces, also mother to fetus.
*signs/symptoms: mild flu-like unless compromised immune system then serious/fatal. Stillbirth/neurological damage.
Pathogenicity: infection in almost any cell, formation of disruptive cyts, neurological affects (dopamine increase)

Front 14

Leishmaniasis

Back 14

*prevalence: 12 million cases worldwide
*pathogen: protozoan Leishmania
*signs/symptoms: skin sores at bite site (cutaneous), damage to liver/spleen and anemia (visceral)
*transmission: bite of the female sand fly
*pathogenicity: grows inside macrophages

Front 15

Typhus

Back 15

Microbe: Rickettsia prowazekii, gram negative, capsulated, parasite.
Transmission: human body louse Pathogenic Mechanisms: replicates in macrophages
Health consequences: chills, cough, delirium, stupor, high fever, joint paoin, headache, myalgia, rash, lights appear bright, low blood pressure
Treatment: Doxycycline/tetracyline

Front 16

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Back 16

Microbe: Rickettsia rickettsii, gram negative, parasite.
Transmission: ticks
Pathogenic Mechanisms: replicates in phagocytes, escapes from the phagosome before the lysosome fuses.
Health consequences: Fever, nausea/vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, joint pain, diarrhea, tetchial rash, decrease in blood platelets, electrolyte imbalance, elevated liver enzymes
Treatment: Doxycycline

Front 17

Gangrene

Back 17

Microbe: Clostridium perfringens
Transmission: Not contagious. Occurs as a result of necrosis.
Pathogenic Mechanisms: Releases exotoxins that results in necrotizing fasciitis
Health consequences: necrosis, discoloration, foul-smelling discharge or severe pain and loss of feeling.
Treatment: amputation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antibiotics
Treatment: Doxycycline

Front 18

Lyme Disease

Back 18

Microbe: Borrelia burgdorferi, gram-negative
Transmission: ticks in the nymphal stage
Pathogenic mechanisms: Tick saliva contains enzymes
Health consequences: Rashes (70-80% of infected persons), Third stage symptoms are neurological.
Treatments: antibiotics (doxycycline, amoxicillin,
erythromycin)

Front 19

Anthrax

Back 19

Microbe: Bacillus anthracis
Transmission: inhalation, ingestion of undercooked meat, and contact with infected animals
Health consequences: An itchy sore develops, blisters and forms a painless black ulcer. Fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain, shock and severe respiratory collapse. ~100% mortality rate.
Gastrointestinal – Very rare
Treatment: Common antibiotics (cutaneous) or early and continuous intravenous antibiotics (other).

Front 20

Infectious Mononucleosis

Back 20

Microbe:Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
Transmission: saliva (kissing, etc.). 90-95% of adults have been infected.
Pathogenic mechanisms: Infects B-cells (memory cells) where it can integrate and make a provirus that can stay latent lifelong.
Treatment: R & R (rest and relaxation)

Front 21

Chaga's Disease

Back 21

Microbe: Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellete protozoan
Transmission: Reduviidae blood-sucking insects
Pathogenic mechanisms: membrane attack complexes, incorporation of host membrane proteins to mask antigenic signals, antigenic variation, and the ability to cleave bound
antibodies.
Health consequences: Acute stages are mild, in 20–40% of chronically infected individuals life threatening heart and digestive system disorders develop
Treatment: antiparasitic treatment (benznidazole or nifurtimox).