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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pathogens
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cause disease
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Eukaryote cell types
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Alge, fungi, Protazoas
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The Golgi Body
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Packages and stores protiens
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Eukaryotic cell structure
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Has organelles, Linear DNA
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Prokaryotic cell structure
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No organelles or nucleus, Circular DNA
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Prokaryotic cell types
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found in Archea and Bacteria
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Indigenous Mocroflora
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are oppurtunistic pathogens
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Microbial intoxication
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when someone ingests a toxin
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Acellular infectious Agents
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Non-living microbes Prions and Viruses
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Microorganisms are
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ubiquitous (they are found virtually everywhere)
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Cellular microbes
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Living microbe, include bacteria, archaea, some algae, protozoa, and some fungi
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Opportunistic pathogens
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are microbes that can cause disease, but usually do not; they can be thought of as microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause disease
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Infectious Disease
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an over group of bacteria, a pathogen causes a disease
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Saprophytes
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are organisms that live on dead and/or decaying organic matter
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The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and other industrial waste products is known as
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bioremediation
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Fossils of primitive microorganisms
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date back about 3.5 billion years ago.
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Earliest known account of pestilence (disease)
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occurred in Egypt in about 3180 BC. (5000 years ago)
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Prions
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consist of only one protien, are the smallest microbe
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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1) “Father of Microbiology”
2) Not a trained scientist! 3) Made many simple single-lens microscopes 4) Observed ”animalcules” (bacteria and protozoa) |
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Louis Pasteur
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1) Investigated different 2) fermentation products
3)Developed the pasteurization process 4)Discovered life forms that could exist without oxygen (anaerobes) Developed several vaccines, including rabies and anthrax vaccines |
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Robert Koch
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1) Made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease
2) Discovered that Bacillus anthracis produced spores 3) Developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria 4) Developed methods to cultivate bacteria |
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Koch Postulates
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1) A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans.
2) The microbe must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. 3) The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals. 4) The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture. (Step by step method to determine disease) |
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Matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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Atoms
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Building blocks of matter
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Subatomic particles of atoms
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protons (p+), neutrons (n0), and electrons (e-)
-Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus, electrons surround the nucleus -Held together by the attraction of positive protons to negative electrons |
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Isotopes
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variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
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Radioactive isotopes
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used in research and medical applications and in dating fossils and ancient materials
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Milimeters
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Can be seen by the naked eye
0.2 mm |
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Micrometers
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Can be seen with a compund microscope, bacteria are this size
0.2Mm |
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Nanometers
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Can be seen with a scanning electron microscope
0.2 Nm |
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A central nucleus surrounded by a “cloud” of electrons
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An atom
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Electrons rotate about the
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nucleus in pathways called orbitals- volumes of space in which an electron is likely to be found
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Molecule
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the smallest particle of matter that can have independent existence; a distinct chemical substance that results from one atom of a noble gas (Ne) or the combination of two or more atoms (can be two atoms of the same element, such as O2).
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Compounds
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are combinations of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
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Chemical Bonds
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When two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons
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Covalent bonds
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between atoms that share electrons (such as H2). Shared equally (50/50)
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Polar molecule
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an unequal distribution of charge (ex. H2O)
In a covalent Bond, has both a postive and negative charge |
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Valence
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The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element
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Nonpolar molecule
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An electrically neutral molecule
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Van der Waals forces
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weak attractions between molecules with low levels of polarity
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ionic bonds
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Electrons transferred completely from one atom to another, without sharing (Imbalanced bond)
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Crystals with ionic bonds, when dissolved in a solvent, can separate in to charged particles called
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ions
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Cations-
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positively charged ions
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Anions-
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negatively charged ions
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These ionic molecules that dissolve to form ions are called
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electrolytes
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Weak bond between a H (Hydrogen) covalently bonded to one molecule and an O (Oxygen) or N (Nitrogen) atom on the same or different molecule (such as between water molecules)
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S C H N O P
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Sulfur
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus The majority of the molecules associated wiht living things are composed of single and double covalent bonds between these most common elements |
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Chemical Equations
Reactants & Products |
Equations are used to illustrate chemical reactions
Reactants- Molecules entering the reaction Products- the substances left by a reaction |
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Synthesis
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reactants bond together to form an entirely new molecule
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Decomposition
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: bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules
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Catalysts
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increase the rate of the reaction and lowers the energy required to get reactions started
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Enzymes
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are biological catalysts
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Concentration
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the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
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One mole is
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is the molecular weight of the compound in grams
One mole dissolved in 1 L |
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Acidic solutions-
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when a component dissolved in water (acid) releases excess hydrogen ions (H+)
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Basic solutions-
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when a component releases excess hydroxide ions (OH-)
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pH scale-
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measures the acid and base concentrations of solutions
Ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic); 7 is neutral |
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Carbon
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the Fundamental Element of Life
Most often associsated with SCHNOP |
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Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
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Sugars and Polysaccharides
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Sugar
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A saccharide, a simple carbohydrate with a sweet taste
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Monosaccharide
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contains 3-7 carbons
Glucose, Fructose |
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Disaccharide
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contains two monosaccharides
Maltose (malt sugar) |
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Polysaccharide
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contains five or more monosaccharides
Lactose (milk sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) Starch, cellulose, glycogen |
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Hexoses
Pentoses |
Hexoses- six carbons
Pentoses- five carbons |
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The Functions of Polysacharides
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Structural support and protection
Serve as nutrient and energy stores |
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Cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae from
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cellulose
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Lipids
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a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar substances
Triglycerides and steroids |
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Phospholipids
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Contain two fatty acids attached to the glycerol with a phosphate group on the third glycerol binding site
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Proteins: Shapers of Life
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Predominant organic molecules
Building blocks- amino acids 20 different naturally occurring forms |
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Peptide bond
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forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another
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Primary (1°) structure of a protien
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-Simple
the type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain |
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Secondary (2°) structure of a protien
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-folds
when various functional groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds Coiled configuration- α helix Accordion pattern- β-pleated sheet |
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Tertiary (3°) structure of a protien
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-bonds
created by additional bonds between functional groups |
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Quarternary (4°) structure of a protien
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more that one protien
more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein |
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DNA
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- specially coded genetic program
-made up of nucleotides |
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Purines
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adenine (A) and
guanine (G) |
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Pyrimidines
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thymine (T),
cytosine (C), and racil (U) |
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DNA contains
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all of the nitrogen bases except uracil
deoxyribose in DNA |
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RNA contains
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all of the nitrogen bases except thymine
ribose in RNA |
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Types of RNA
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mRNA
rRNA tRNA |
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Replication
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DNA to DNA
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA
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Translation
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RNA to Protiens
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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high energy phosphate bonds, where we get our energy from
Releases and stores energy for cellular chemical reactions |
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The fundamental unit of life-
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The Cell
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The 5 I's for culturing
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Inoculation,
Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, and Identification |
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Inoculation
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producing a culture
Introduce a tiny sample (the inoculums) into a container of nutrient medium |
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Isolation
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separating one species from another
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Lipopolysacharride
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responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock
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In DNA
Adenine pairs with |
thymine
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In DNA
Cytosine pairs with |
guanine
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DNA is a hereditay molecule that is composed of
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deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogen bases
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RNA plays a role in:
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Protein synthesis
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Streak plate method-
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small droplet of culture or sample spread over surface of the medium with an inoculating loop
Zig-Zag Pattern |
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Loop dilation, or pour plate, method-
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sample inoculated serially in to a series of liquid agar tubes to dilute the number of cells in each successive tubes
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Spread plate method-
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small volume of liquid, diluted sample pipette on to surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile spreading tool
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Media can be classified according to
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1) physical state
2) chemical compostion 3) purpose, functional type |
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Synthetic and Nonsynthetic chemical compostion of media
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Synthetic media- compositions are precisely chemically defined
Complex (nonsynthetic) media- if even just one component is not chemically definable |
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Liquid media
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water-based solutions, do not solidify at temperatures above freezing, flow freely when container is tilted
Broths, milks, or infusions Growth seen as cloudiness or particulates |
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Media for Culturing
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At least 500 different types
Inoculated by loops, needles, pipettes, and swabs Sterile technique necessary |
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Purposes of media
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general purpose,
enriched, selective, differential, anarobic growth |
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Semisolid media:
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clotlike consistency at room temperature
Used to determine motility and to localize reactions at a specific site |
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Solid media
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a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies
Liquefiable and nonliquefiable Useful for isolating and culturing bacteria and fungi |
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Types of Enriched media-
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blood agar, Thayer-Martin medium (chocolate agar)
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Selective media-
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Selective media- contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others. Mannitol salt agar (MSA)
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Differential media-
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Differential media- allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences among those microorganisms.
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Salt Agar grows
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Staphylococcus
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Incubation:
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an inoculated sample is placed in an incubator to encourage growth.
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Pure and Mixed Cultures
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Pure culture- growth of only a single known species
Mixed culture- holds two or more identified species |
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Resolution
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Or resolving power, is the capacity of an optical system to distinquish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another.
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Magnification and resolution
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Increased magnification decreases the resolution
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Effects of wavelength on resolution
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The longer wave lengths are too large to penetrate between spaces and produce fussy undetailed images
Shorter waves are small enough to enter small spaces and produce a much more detailed image |
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Bright-Field Microscopy
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Most widely used
The specimen produces an image that is darker than the surrounding illuminated field |
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Dark-Field Microscopy
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Dare background, bright specimen, can see Syphalis with this
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Phase-Contrast Microscopy
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Transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through a specimen into differences in light intensity
Can see intenal structures |
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Fluorescence Microscopy
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Used with dyes that show fluorescence under UV rays
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Transmission Electron Microscopy
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-Can see the inside of objects
Often used to view structures of cells and viruses Electrons are transmitted through the specimen |
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Scanning Electron Microscopy
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-used to see the outside of objects
Creates an extremely detailed three-dimensional view of all kinds of objects |
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Wet mounts or hanging drop mounts
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are used for living preperations
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Positive staining
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the dye sticks to the specimen to give it color
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Negative staining &
Dyes used |
The dye sticks to the background to give it color and not the specimen
Dyes used: Nigrosin and India ink |
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Simple Stains
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Require only a single dye
Example: crystal violet |
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Differential Stains
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Use two differently colored dyes, the primary dye and the counterstain
Examples: Gram, acid-fast |
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Gram Staining
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The most universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria
Differentiation of microbes as gram positive(purple) or gram negative (red) |
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Gram postive and Gram Negative stain differently due to the shapr for thier..
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Cell membrane
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Stain used for a capsule stain
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India Ink
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Acid-Fast Staining
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Important diagnostic stain
Differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue) Important in medical microbiology |
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Endospore Stain
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Dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores or endospores
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Monotrichous Pg 84
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with a single flagellum
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Peritrichous P 84
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Para means around
Flafella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell |
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Lophotrichous P 84
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Small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site
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Amphitrichous P 84
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flagella on both poles of cell
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Prokaryotic cells contain
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Ribasomes
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Plasmid
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transfers genetic info out of a prokaryotic cell
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Plastid
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is in prokaryotic cells used for photosynthasis, not found in Eukaryotic cells
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Lisasomes
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break down protiens in eukaryotic cells
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