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137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pathogens
cause disease
Eukaryote cell types
Alge, fungi, Protazoas
The Golgi Body
Packages and stores protiens
Eukaryotic cell structure
Has organelles, Linear DNA
Prokaryotic cell structure
No organelles or nucleus, Circular DNA
Prokaryotic cell types
found in Archea and Bacteria
Indigenous Mocroflora
are oppurtunistic pathogens
Microbial intoxication
when someone ingests a toxin
Acellular infectious Agents
Non-living microbes Prions and Viruses
Microorganisms are
ubiquitous (they are found virtually everywhere)
Cellular microbes
Living microbe, include bacteria, archaea, some algae, protozoa, and some fungi
Opportunistic pathogens
are microbes that can cause disease, but usually do not; they can be thought of as microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause disease
Infectious Disease
an over group of bacteria, a pathogen causes a disease
Saprophytes
are organisms that live on dead and/or decaying organic matter
The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and other industrial waste products is known as
bioremediation
Fossils of primitive microorganisms
date back about 3.5 billion years ago.
Earliest known account of pestilence (disease)
occurred in Egypt in about 3180 BC. (5000 years ago)
Prions
consist of only one protien, are the smallest microbe
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1) “Father of Microbiology”
2) Not a trained scientist!
3) Made many simple single-lens microscopes
4) Observed ”animalcules” (bacteria and protozoa)
Louis Pasteur
1) Investigated different 2) fermentation products
3)Developed the pasteurization process
4)Discovered life forms that could exist without oxygen (anaerobes)
Developed several vaccines, including rabies and anthrax vaccines
Robert Koch
1) Made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease
2) Discovered that Bacillus anthracis produced spores
3) Developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria
4) Developed methods to cultivate bacteria
Koch Postulates
1) A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans.
2) The microbe must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.
3) The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals.
4) The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture.
(Step by step method to determine disease)
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Subatomic particles of atoms
protons (p+), neutrons (n0), and electrons (e-)
-Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus, electrons surround the nucleus
-Held together by the attraction of positive protons to negative electrons
Isotopes
variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
Radioactive isotopes
used in research and medical applications and in dating fossils and ancient materials
Milimeters
Can be seen by the naked eye
0.2 mm
Micrometers
Can be seen with a compund microscope, bacteria are this size
0.2Mm
Nanometers
Can be seen with a scanning electron microscope
0.2 Nm
A central nucleus surrounded by a “cloud” of electrons
An atom
Electrons rotate about the
nucleus in pathways called orbitals- volumes of space in which an electron is likely to be found
Molecule
the smallest particle of matter that can have independent existence; a distinct chemical substance that results from one atom of a noble gas (Ne) or the combination of two or more atoms (can be two atoms of the same element, such as O2).
Compounds
are combinations of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Chemical Bonds
When two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons
Covalent bonds
between atoms that share electrons (such as H2). Shared equally (50/50)
Polar molecule
an unequal distribution of charge (ex. H2O)
In a covalent Bond, has both a postive and negative charge
Valence
The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element
Nonpolar molecule
An electrically neutral molecule
Van der Waals forces
weak attractions between molecules with low levels of polarity
ionic bonds
Electrons transferred completely from one atom to another, without sharing (Imbalanced bond)
Crystals with ionic bonds, when dissolved in a solvent, can separate in to charged particles called
ions
Cations-
positively charged ions
Anions-
negatively charged ions
These ionic molecules that dissolve to form ions are called
electrolytes
Hydrogen Bonding
Weak bond between a H (Hydrogen) covalently bonded to one molecule and an O (Oxygen) or N (Nitrogen) atom on the same or different molecule (such as between water molecules)
S C H N O P
Sulfur
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
The majority of the molecules associated wiht living things are composed of single and double covalent bonds between these most common elements
Chemical Equations
Reactants & Products
Equations are used to illustrate chemical reactions
Reactants- Molecules entering the reaction
Products- the substances left by a reaction
Synthesis
reactants bond together to form an entirely new molecule
Decomposition
: bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules
Catalysts
increase the rate of the reaction and lowers the energy required to get reactions started
Enzymes
are biological catalysts
Concentration
the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
One mole is
is the molecular weight of the compound in grams
One mole dissolved in 1 L
Acidic solutions-
when a component dissolved in water (acid) releases excess hydrogen ions (H+)
Basic solutions-
when a component releases excess hydroxide ions (OH-)
pH scale-
measures the acid and base concentrations of solutions
Ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic); 7 is neutral
Carbon
the Fundamental Element of Life
Most often associsated with SCHNOP
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Sugars and Polysaccharides
Sugar
A saccharide, a simple carbohydrate with a sweet taste
Monosaccharide
contains 3-7 carbons
Glucose, Fructose
Disaccharide
contains two monosaccharides
Maltose (malt sugar)
Polysaccharide
contains five or more monosaccharides
Lactose (milk sugar)
Sucrose (table sugar)
Starch, cellulose, glycogen
Hexoses
Pentoses
Hexoses- six carbons
Pentoses- five carbons
The Functions of Polysacharides
Structural support and protection
Serve as nutrient and energy stores
Cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae from
cellulose
Lipids
a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar substances
Triglycerides and steroids
Phospholipids
Contain two fatty acids attached to the glycerol with a phosphate group on the third glycerol binding site
Proteins: Shapers of Life
Predominant organic molecules
Building blocks- amino acids
20 different naturally occurring forms
Peptide bond
forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another
Primary (1°) structure of a protien
-Simple
the type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain
Secondary (2°) structure of a protien
-folds
when various functional groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds
Coiled configuration- α helix
Accordion pattern- β-pleated sheet
Tertiary (3°) structure of a protien
-bonds
created by additional bonds between functional groups
Quarternary (4°) structure of a protien
more that one protien
more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein
DNA
- specially coded genetic program
-made up of nucleotides
Purines
adenine (A) and
guanine (G)
Pyrimidines
thymine (T),
cytosine (C), and
racil (U)
DNA contains
all of the nitrogen bases except uracil
deoxyribose in DNA
RNA contains
all of the nitrogen bases except thymine
ribose in RNA
Types of RNA
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Replication
DNA to DNA
Transcription
DNA to RNA
Translation
RNA to Protiens
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
high energy phosphate bonds, where we get our energy from
Releases and stores energy for cellular chemical reactions
The fundamental unit of life-
The Cell
The 5 I's for culturing
Inoculation,
Incubation,
Isolation,
Inspection, and Identification
Inoculation
producing a culture
Introduce a tiny sample (the inoculums) into a container of nutrient medium
Isolation
separating one species from another
Lipopolysacharride
responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock
In DNA
Adenine pairs with
thymine
In DNA
Cytosine pairs with
guanine
DNA is a hereditay molecule that is composed of
deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogen bases
RNA plays a role in:
Protein synthesis
Streak plate method-
small droplet of culture or sample spread over surface of the medium with an inoculating loop
Zig-Zag Pattern
Loop dilation, or pour plate, method-
sample inoculated serially in to a series of liquid agar tubes to dilute the number of cells in each successive tubes
Spread plate method-
small volume of liquid, diluted sample pipette on to surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile spreading tool
Media can be classified according to
1) physical state
2) chemical compostion
3) purpose, functional type
Synthetic and Nonsynthetic chemical compostion of media
Synthetic media- compositions are precisely chemically defined
Complex (nonsynthetic) media- if even just one component is not chemically definable
Liquid media
water-based solutions, do not solidify at temperatures above freezing, flow freely when container is tilted
Broths, milks, or infusions
Growth seen as cloudiness or particulates
Media for Culturing
At least 500 different types
Inoculated by loops, needles, pipettes, and swabs
Sterile technique necessary
Purposes of media
general purpose,
enriched,
selective,
differential,
anarobic growth
Semisolid media:
clotlike consistency at room temperature
Used to determine motility and to localize reactions at a specific site
Solid media
a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies
Liquefiable and nonliquefiable
Useful for isolating and culturing bacteria and fungi
Types of Enriched media-
blood agar, Thayer-Martin medium (chocolate agar)
Selective media-
Selective media- contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others. Mannitol salt agar (MSA)
Differential media-
Differential media- allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences among those microorganisms.
Salt Agar grows
Staphylococcus
Incubation:
an inoculated sample is placed in an incubator to encourage growth.
Pure and Mixed Cultures
Pure culture- growth of only a single known species
Mixed culture- holds two or more identified species
Resolution
Or resolving power, is the capacity of an optical system to distinquish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another.
Magnification and resolution
Increased magnification decreases the resolution
Effects of wavelength on resolution
The longer wave lengths are too large to penetrate between spaces and produce fussy undetailed images
Shorter waves are small enough to enter small spaces and produce a much more detailed image
Bright-Field Microscopy
Most widely used
The specimen produces an image that is darker than the surrounding illuminated field
Dark-Field Microscopy
Dare background, bright specimen, can see Syphalis with this
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through a specimen into differences in light intensity
Can see intenal structures
Fluorescence Microscopy
Used with dyes that show fluorescence under UV rays
Transmission Electron Microscopy
-Can see the inside of objects
Often used to view structures of cells and viruses
Electrons are transmitted through the specimen
Scanning Electron Microscopy
-used to see the outside of objects
Creates an extremely detailed three-dimensional view of all kinds of objects
Wet mounts or hanging drop mounts
are used for living preperations
Positive staining
the dye sticks to the specimen to give it color
Negative staining &
Dyes used
The dye sticks to the background to give it color and not the specimen
Dyes used: Nigrosin and India ink
Simple Stains
Require only a single dye
Example: crystal violet
Differential Stains
Use two differently colored dyes, the primary dye and the counterstain
Examples: Gram, acid-fast
Gram Staining
The most universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria
Differentiation of microbes as gram positive(purple) or gram negative (red)
Gram postive and Gram Negative stain differently due to the shapr for thier..
Cell membrane
Stain used for a capsule stain
India Ink
Acid-Fast Staining
Important diagnostic stain
Differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue)
Important in medical microbiology
Endospore Stain
Dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores or endospores
Monotrichous Pg 84
with a single flagellum
Peritrichous P 84
Para means around
Flafella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
Lophotrichous P 84
Small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site
Amphitrichous P 84
flagella on both poles of cell
Prokaryotic cells contain
Ribasomes
Plasmid
transfers genetic info out of a prokaryotic cell
Plastid
is in prokaryotic cells used for photosynthasis, not found in Eukaryotic cells
Lisasomes
break down protiens in eukaryotic cells