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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics is?
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Antiseptics can be used on tissue
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A population is reduced from 1 times 10 to the fourth cell in 10 min. what is the D value?
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2 mins
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The difference between ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation is?
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* ionizing radiation is much shorter in wavelengthe
* ionizing radiation penetrates much better * ionizing radiation can be used to sterilize * ALL THE ABOVE |
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With most disinfectants, the higher the concentraton, the better the kill. The exception to this is?
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Alcohols
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Which of the following is not a factor which affects disinfectant activity?
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cost of the agent
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Which of the following is not one of the three organisms used in the AOAC use-dilution test?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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THe Anderson Sampler is used in:
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the BFE test
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Antimicrobial hand wash
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4% chlorohexadine
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Semi-critical instrument disinfection
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2-3.2% glutaraldehyde
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Counter top disinfection
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70-80% ethyl alcohol
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Antimicrobial in mop water for floors
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substituted phenols
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Sterilization of heat-labile plastics (petri dish)
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gamma radiation
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Anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits cell wall sythesis?
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Isoniazid
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Commonly combined with trimethoprim, inhibits dihydrofolate synthesis
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Sulfanilamide
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A beta-lactam antibiotic with 2 sites that can be chemically modified
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cephalosproin
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An aminoglycoside, binds 30S ribosome, must be given by infection
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streptomycin
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the first antibiotic used in humans
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penicillin G
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A macrolide witch binds the 50S ribosomoal subunit
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Erythromycin
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disrupt nucleic acid sythesis by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase
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Quinolone
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A polypeptide antibiotic found in topical ointmnets, kills group a Strep
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bactracin
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A polyene antifungal agent that disrupts membranes permeability
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amphotericin B
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Anti-viral agent used to treat herpes virus infections
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acyclovir
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cause the black-hairy tongue as a side effect
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metronidazole
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50S binder that cuase a fatal aplastic anemia in 1 out of 24,000 uses
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choramphenicol
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Inhibitis DNA-directed RNA polymerase, used to treat tuberculosis
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Rifampin
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The most commonly used and produced antibiotic in the world
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cephalosporin
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Antiviral thymidine analog use to treat HIV infections
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AZT
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Which genus of bacteria produce more useful antibiotics than any other
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streptomyces
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Which of the following is not a lymphocyte
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monocyte
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Which of the following is not phagocytic
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lymphocyte
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Cytotoxic T cells contain which two key protein molecules which constitute the kiss of death
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granzymes and perforin
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Serum:
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* is plasma without fibrinogen
* is obtained by allowing blood to clot * contains antibody * ALL the above |
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Make and secrete antibody
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Plasma Cell
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Breaks up to form platelets
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megakaryocyte
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Important in resistance to large parasites
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eosinophil
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blood cells which contain histimine
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basophil
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Cell of acquired immunity, matures in the bone marrow of mammals.
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B cell
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the most common leukocyte in the blood
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neutrophil
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Tissues cells which contain histamine
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Mast cell
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Phagocytes which can be activated to be a more efficient killer
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macrophage
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cell which direct and regulate the acquired immune response
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T cell
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lymphocytes which destroy aberrant cells nonspecifically
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natural killer cells
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which cells are not part of the mononuclear phagocyte system?
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plasma cells
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complement fixation results in:
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* leukocyte chemotaxis
* opsonization * lysis of foreign cells * ALL THE above |
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interferons:
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* are produced by virus-infected cells
* signal adjacent cells to produce antiviral proteins to protect themselves form infection * can be alpha beta or gamma * ALL THE ABOVE |
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Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation
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itching
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Primary lymphoid tissue:
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* is where cells of acquired immunity develop
* consists of the bone marrow and the thymus in humans |
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Booster Immunizations
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* are more important with killed and subunit vaccines than with live attenuated vaccines
* result in increased levels of immunity * result in longer persistence of immunity * ALL THE ABOVE |
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the antigen recognition molecule of T cells
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t cell receptor
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increase phagocytosis
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opsonin
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found on every nucleated cell of the body?
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* MHC class 1
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found only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
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* MHC class 2
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The antigen-recognition molecule of B cells
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immunoglobulin
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Main serum antibody, has longest serum half-life
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IgG
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Can fix complement
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IgG and IgM
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Has a J chain (for joining together)
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IgM and IgA
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Exists most commonly as a pentamer
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IgM
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no other funtion besides B cell receptor
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IgD
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Produced in greatest abundance each day by the body
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IgA
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Attaches to mast cells and basophils, involved in allergies
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IgE
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Microglial cells, mesangial cells and Kupffer cells are all types of what
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fixed macrophages
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A viral infection is most often indicated by an increase in the number of peripheral blood
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lymphocytes
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The complement system was so named
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because the proteins invloved complement the action of antibodies
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Protein A on the surface of S. aureus is a virulence factor because it
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binds antibody by the Fc end
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Lancefield typing is done with
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streptococcus
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Immunologically privileged sites
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* nclude the cornea testes, thymus, and the brain
* can be grafted into, without fear of rejection * are privilaged for different ressons * ALL the ABOVE |
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Which of the following is not on the list of recommended chilhod and adolescent immunizations for everyone in the US?
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BCG
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Passive immunity
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provides only temporary protection
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Requires an ultraviolet light source
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Flourescent antibody test
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Current blood test to screen for HIV antibodies
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ELISA
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Blood typing
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Hemagglutination
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Labeled antibody used to detect protein on a memebrane
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Western Blot
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Antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other in gel
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ouchterlony
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Antigen quantitated by measuring diamter of precipationat ring
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Radial Immunodiffusion
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Separate proteins in a gel, then add antisera in a trough, precipatation arcs identify multiple specific proteins
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immunoelectrophoresis
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The reaction to poison ivy
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Type 4
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Type 2
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Rheumotoid arthritis
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Type 3
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Allergic contact dermatitis to latex gloves
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Type 4
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Systemic exosure to an allergen that results in anaphylactic schock
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Type 1
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Drug-induced anemia
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Type 2
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characterized by autoantibodies against nuclear material
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Autoantibodies overstimulate the thyroid gland
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Graves disease
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patients fail to develop B and T cells
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SCID
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Characterized by cytotoxic T cells which destroy the myelin sheath around nervous tissue
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Multiple Sclosis
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According to your text, what is the reason there is no vaccine for the common cold
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there are so many different viruses from multiple families that cause the common cold, making it difficult to create a single vaccine that would protect against them all
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An adjuvant increases
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the effective anitgenicity of a vaccine
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you contract the mumps form a friend and recover
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Naturally acquired active
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You get the MMR vaccine and are immune to measles
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artificially acquired active
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You receive a globulin shot before traveling to Africa
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ariticially acquire passive
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A baby receives protective antibody from breast milk
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naturally acquired passive
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Forms a grey psuedomembrane in the throat
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corynebacterium diphtheria
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Causes pseudomembransous colitis
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Clostridium difficle
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Toxin causes spastic paralysis, inhibits glycine release
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clostridium tetani
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causes gas gangrene
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clostridium perfringen
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disease are gastrointestinal cutaneous or inhalation
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bacillus anthracis
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Causes flaccid paralysis, inhibits acetylcholine release
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clostridium bolutinum
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intracellular pathogen to which pregnant women are susceptible, infection by consumption of contaminated milk and meats
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Listeria monocytogens
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Sensitive to the chemical optochin
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Positive for the CAMP test
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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|
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Found in pig tonsils, causes dark red skin lesions
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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Cause of Buruli ulcer
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Mycobacterium ulcerans
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number 1 of cause of bacterial food poisoning in the US
|
Staphylococcus aureus
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|
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Cause of necrotizing fasciitis
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strep pyogenes
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previously classified as ground D, VRE
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enteroccus
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Responsible for dental caries
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viridans streptocooci
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Disease can tuberculoid or lepromatous
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Mycobacterium laprae
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|
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Involved in scarlet fever and rhematic fever
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Strep pyogenes
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Responsible for classic toxic shock syndrome
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Staph Aureus
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Disease once called consumption
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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No effective antimicrobial therapy exists for this pathogen, makes a polyketide immunosuppressive toxin that kills dermal tissue
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Mycobaterium ulcerans
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Causes necrosis and Ghon complexes
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Mycobacterum tuberculosis
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Phage typing use to track this organisms spread
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Staph aureus
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PPD is used to diagnose exposure
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Causes the majority of the otitis media cases in young children
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Stretococcus pneumoniae
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Combines with endogenous antigenic fragments in the ER
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MHC class 1
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Combines with exognenous antigenic fragments within endosomes
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MHC class 2
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Superantigens crosslink these and the T cell receptors
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MHC class 2
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Cytotoxic T cells receptors bind with these when combined with foreign peptide fragments
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MHC class 1
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The cell which produces cytokines which induces an antibody-type immune response it
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Th2
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The chief cell that regulates the immune response is
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Th cell
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The main difference between antiseptic and disinfectant
|
disinfectants are used on inanimate objects
|
|
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A population is reduced from 1x10^8 to 1 x 10^2 cells in 9 minutes. What is the D value
|
1.5 mins
|
|
|
The difference between ionizing and nonionizing radiation
|
ionizing radiation can be used to sterilize
|
|
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Which disinfectant below is most resistant to inactivation by organic material?
|
glutaraldehyde
|
|
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Monocytes develop into what type of cell
|
macrophages
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|
BFE refers to
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surgical mask testing
|
|
|
antimicrobial handwash
|
4% chlorhexidine
|
|
|
semi-critical instrument disinfection
|
2-3.2% glutaraldehyde
|
|
|
counter top disinfection
|
70 to 80% ethyl alcohol
|
|
|
Antimicrobial in mop water
|
substituted phenols
|
|
|
Plastic petri dish sterilization
|
gamma irradiation
|
|
|
Anti-TB drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis
|
isoniazid
|
|
|
Commonly combined with sulfanilamide; inhibits tetrahydrofolate syn
|
trimethoprim
|
|
|
A beta-lactam antibiotic that can be modified at 2 sites
|
cephalosporin
|
|
|
Can't be administered orally, 30s portein synthesis inhibitor
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
Natural penicillin
|
penicillin G
|
|
|
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis; "vitamin T"
|
Tetracycline
|
|
|
Semi synthetic penicillin
|
amoxicillin
|
|
|
A polypeptide antibiotic antibiotic found in topical ointments; kills group A strep
|
bacitracin
|
|
|
A polyene antifungal agent that disrupts membrane permeability
|
amphotericin B
|
|
|
Antiviral guanosine analog antiviral agent; used ot treat RSV infection
|
ribavirin
|
|
|
Causes "Black hairy tongue: as a side effect
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
50S binder that causes a fatal aplastic anemia in 1 out of 24,000 uses
|
choramphenicol
|
|
|
Inhibits DNA-directed RNA polymerase; used to treat TB
|
rifampin
|
|
|
The most commonly used and produced antibiotic in the world
|
cephalosporin
|
|
|
A cell wall synthesis inhibitor that is used to treat MRSA
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
Which fungal genus produces more useful antibiotics than any other
|
Penicillium
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a lymphocyte?
|
monocyte
|
|
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Which of the following is not a granulocyte?
|
monocyte
|
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells contain which two key protein molecules which constitute the kiss of death
|
granzymes and perforins
|
|
|
Plasma:
|
contains antibodies
|
|
|
The source of blood platelets
|
megakaryocytes
|
|
|
Differentiated B cells which make antibody
|
plasma cells
|
|
|
Important in resistance to algea parasites
|
eosinophil
|
|
|
Blood cells which contain histamine
|
Basophil
|
|
|
Found in tissues; can be either fixed or wandering
|
macrophage
|
|
|
Mature in the thymus
|
T cells
|
|
|
Tissue cells which contain histamine
|
Mast Cells
|
|
|
have surface antibody
|
B Cell
|
|
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phagocytic cells of acute inflammation
|
neutrophil
|
|
|
A lymphocyte which is part of innate immunity
|
natural killer cell
|
|
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Which of the following cells is not monocyte-derived?
|
plasma cells
|
|
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The complement system provides all of the following useful functions EXCEPT
|
activation of macrophages
|
|
|
Interferons:
|
are produced by virus-infected cells
|
|
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Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
|
itching
|
|
|
Secondary lymphoid tissue:
|
is where an immune response takes place
|
|
|
Which immune cells are depleted in AIDS patients leading to Acquired immunosuppression?
|
T helper cells
|
|
|
the antigen-recognition molecule of T cells
|
T cell receptor
|
|
|
Increases phagocytosis
|
Opsonin
|
|
|
T cell receptor of T-helper cells looks for this protein
|
MHC class II
|
|
|
T cell receptor of T-cytotoxic cells looks for this protein
|
MHC class I
|
|
|
The antigen-recognition molecule of B cells
|
Immunoglobulin
|
|
|
Combines with endogenous antigenic fragments in the ER
|
MHC class I
|
|
|
combines with exogenous antigenic fragments within endosomes
|
MHC class II
|
|
|
can cross the placenta
|
IgG
|
|
|
can fix complement
|
IgG and IgM
|
|
|
occur naturally as multimers
|
IgM and IgA
|
|
|
produced first in response to a foreign antigen
|
IgM
|
|
|
no other function besides B cell receptor
|
IgD
|
|
|
most abundant antibody in secretions
|
IgA
|
|
|
attaches to mast cells and basophils; involved in allergies
|
IgE
|
|
|
microglial cells, mesangial cells and kupffer cells are all types of
|
fixed macrophages
|
|
|
A parasite infection is most often indicated by an increase in the number peripheral blood cells
|
eosinophils
|
|
|
the complement system was so named
|
because the proteins involved complement the action of antibodies
|
|
|
Protein A on the surface of S. aureus is a virulance factor because it
|
binds antibody by the Fc end
|
|
|
Impetigo can be cause by:
|
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
Adjuvants:
|
increase the antigenicity of a vaccine, stimulate local inflammation, and include substances like alum, saponin, and mineral oil
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT on the list of recommended childhood immunizations for everyone in the US
|
Anthrax vaccine
|
|
|
Passive immunity:
|
can come from your mother or other individuals, provides only temporrary protection and is humoral only
|
|
|
The production of monoclonal antibody
|
requires the use of myeloma cells, requires the construction of hybridomas, and has revolutionized clincial diagnostic testing
|
|
|
can be direct or indirect
|
Flourescent antibody test
|
|
|
involves enzyme-conjugated antibodies
|
ELISA
|
|
|
Blood typing
|
hemagglutination
|
|
|
labeled antibody used to detect protein on a membrane
|
western blot
|
|
|
antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other in a gel
|
ouchterlony
|
|
|
antigen quantitated by measuring diameter of precipitation ring
|
radial immunodiffusion
|
|
|
separate proteins in a gel, then add antisera in a trough; precipitation arcs identify specific proteins
|
immunoelectrophoresis
|
|
|
the only hypersensitivity NOT mediated by antibody
|
Type 4
|
|
|
wer, wen, wem
|
who, whom
(takes case endings) |
|
|
hypersensitivity pnuemonitis (farmers lung)
|
Type 3
|
|
|
A positive TB skin test
|
Type 4
|
|
|
Asthma and hay fever
|
Type 1
|
|
|
Characterized by autoantibodies against nuclear material
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
|
|
autoanitbodies overstimulate the thyroid gland
|
graves disease
|
|
|
patients fail to develop a thymus (no T cells)
|
diGeorge anomaly
|
|
|
Characterized by cytotoxic T cells which destroy the myelin sheather around nervous tissue
|
MS (multiple sclerosis)
|
|
|
most kidney transplants performed in the US are
|
allografts
|
|
|
The fundamental difference between agglutination and a precipitation test
|
the solubility state of the antigen
|
|
|
you receive a gamma globulin shot before traveling to mongolia
|
artificially acquired passive
|
|
|
you get the Flu vaccine and are immune to influenza
|
artificially acquired active
|
|
|
you contract the chickenpox from a friend and recover
|
naturally acquired active
|
|
|
baby receives protective antibody(placenta) before it is born
|
naturally acquired passive
|
|
|
not pathogenic until it has been lysogenized by a bacteriophage
|
corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
|
|
causes pseudomembranous colitis; associated with antibiotic use
|
clostridium difficile
|
|
|
associated with anaerobic wounds; toxin causes spastic paralysis
|
clostridium tetani
|
|
|
causes gas gangrene
|
clostridium perfingens
|
|
|
causes "Woolsorter's disease", skin lesions are black
|
bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
produces the most potent poison known to man; flaccid paralysis
|
clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
intracellular pathogen to which pregnant women are more susceptible; infection by consumption of contaminated milk and...
|
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
number one cause of bacterial pneumonia; large capsule
|
streptococcus pneumoniae
|
|
|
Causes infections in newborns; group B
|
Streptococcus agalactiae
|
|
|
found in pig tonsils; causes dark red skin lesions
|
erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
|
|
|
cause of buruli ulcer
|
mycobacterium ulcerans
|
|
|
number one cause of bacterial food poisoning in the US
|
staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
cause of necrotizing faciitis
|
streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
previously classified as group D; VRE
|
enterococcus
|
|
|
responsible for dental caries
|
viridans streptococci
|
|
|
Hansens's disease; nerve destruction
|
mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
involved in pharyngitis and glomerulonephritis
|
streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
produces a superantigen toxin that results in the T cell cytokine
|
staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
disease was once called consumption
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
|
produces a polyketide immunosuppressive toxin; no effective antimicrobial therapy for infection exists
|
mycobacterium ulcerans
|
|
|
humans at risk handle pigs; organism gains entry through a scratch on the hand;dark red lesions
|
erysipelothrix rhusiopatheiae
|
|
|
estimated that one-third of the world's population is infected with this organism; #3 cause of death
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
|
can grow only in the footpads of mice and the bellies of 9-banded armadillos
|
mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
AFB and Ghon complexes
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
|
produces a secretory IgA protease and a protein that binds cholesterol in host cell membranes and causes their lysis
|
streptococcus pneumoniae
|
|
|
responsible for scalded skin syndrome
|
staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
the cell which produces cytokines which induce a cell-mediated response is:
|
TH1
|
