Micro Ch. 1

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Microbiology

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specialized area of bio that deals with organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

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Viruses

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the only organism that is not alive, they are active or inactive

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6 Major Groups of Microbes

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Bacteria, Algae, Helminths, Protozoa, Viruses, Fungi

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Fungi

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yeast and mold

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Viruses

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noncellular, parastic, protein coated gentic elements

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Helminths

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parasitic worms

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Microbes

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are all cellular or multi-cellular

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Microbes

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are easy and hard to study, easy bc they reproduce rapidly and can be grown in the lab; hard bc they can't be seen directly, must be seen through microscopes

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Microbiologists

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they study cell structure, function, growth, physiology, genetics, taxonomy, and interactions w environment

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Protein Coat

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Microbiologists study this on viruses, inside this is genetic information

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Physiology

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metabolism

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Taxonomy

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how microbes are classified, and named through theyre functions and evolutionary history

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Medical Microbiology

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studies microbes that cause disease, and its extent of damage

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Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology

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stop/control spread of disease

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Immunology

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studies immune system, and antibodies produced for diffrent diseases

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Industrial Microbiology

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companies that manufacture and protect water and food, use microbes to make food and water

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Agricultural Microbiology

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studies the relationship between microbes and plant/animal life; symbiosis: microbes that form relationships that are beneficial to life

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Environmental Microbiology

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studies places where microbes live and dwell, helps preserve our planet! (4 subdisciplines: Aquatic, Soil, Geo, Astro)

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Eukaryotes

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cells with a nucleus

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Prokaryotes

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cells with no nucleus

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Eu-kary

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true nucleus (helms, protos, algae, fungi)

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Pro-kary

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pre nucleus (bacteria/archaea)

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Ubiquitous

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found EVERYWHERE

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Flora

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group of healthy bacteria used to digest food

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Bacteria

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anoxygenic

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Anoxygenic

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does require oxygen to produce oxygen

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50

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% of oxygen that comes from microbes

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Species Diversification

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production of oxygen by microbes allows this

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70

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% of the earth's photosynthesis that comes from photosynthetic microbes

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Decomposition

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breakdown of dead matter and wastes; bacteria and fungi are respnsible and are good at this

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Gases produced by microbes

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oxygen, O2; methane, CH4; ammonia, NH3; ammonium, NH4; hydrogen gas, H2; hydrogen sulfide, H2S

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Microbes

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humans have been using this for thousands of years to improve life and shape civilizations

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Mold

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penicillin is made from this

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Biotechnology

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uses microbes to make medicine like; anti-biotics, anti-virals, and fungal medication

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Genetic Engineering

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uses genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

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Recombinant

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change DNA of microbes, transfers genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter DNA ex: makes viruses that attack bacteria and visa versa

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Bioremediation

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bring microbes into the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic waste; ex. e.coli used to break down oil from leak

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Pathogen

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any microbe/agent that causes disease

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Malaria

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kills 700k-1.2mill, transmitted by mosquitoes, causes dehydration, and occurs in poorer countries that can't afford bug nets

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Emerging Diseases

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diseases that are increasingly becoming threats in a population

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Reemerging Diseases

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disease was a problem, but not anymore, but is now coming back bc mutation or outbreak

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Noninfectous

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these diseases were ________, but are now bc of microbes

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Helicobacter pylori

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causes gastric ulcers

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Certain Cancers

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have been linked with bacteria and viruses

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Coxsakie Virus

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associated with diabetes, shuts down pancreas

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Borna Agent

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linked to schizophrenia, attacks nerve cells

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Anti-biotics

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people are misuses these are are growing an immunity to them bc of misuses, misuse weakens the immune system

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Bacteria/Archaea

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lack organelle

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Eukaryotic cells

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bacteria and archaea are 10 times smaller than

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Single

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all bacteria and archaea are ____ celled

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Ribosomes

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these are not organelles,, but agents/particles responsible for producting proteins

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Cell Wall

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bacteria and archaea have this that surrounds the outside of their bodies

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Helminths

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can be classified as a microbe or not if it can be seen by the naked eye

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Automatically

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the body _______ attacks helminths like they do bacterial disesases, they are also transmitted similarly

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Nanometers

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bacteria is measured in this

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Protozoas

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bacteria that lives in bodies of water

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Virus

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smallest microbe

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Staph

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protect outside of body, but also be infectious on the inside

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E.coli

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beneficial to body to digest food, but can cause vommiting and sickness

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Parasites

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anything that our body doesn't recognize, live in and nourished from the host, and cause damage and disease to host

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Host

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anything that provides blood supply, shelter, etc.

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Spontaneous Generation

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disease appeared out of nowhere

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Robert Hooke

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first observations of microbes in the 1600s

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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made technical first microscope, was trying to examine threads, named his findings animalcules, found microbes in raindrops and tooth plaque (biofilm)

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Biofilm

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composed of more than 1 microbe

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Mold

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looks like blooming flowers under microscope

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Modern Microscopes

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have more redined lenses, condenser, finer focusing devices, and bult in light sources

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Microscope Objectives

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4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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Condenser

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control the amount of light on a focal point

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Mold

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main microbe found in the air

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John Tyndall

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first to find that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance

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Ferdinand Cohn

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discovered and described bacterial endospores, sterile

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Endospores

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heat resistant bacteria that is difficult to kill

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Sterile

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completely free of all life forms including endospores and virus particles

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Rober Koch

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linked a specific microbe w a specific disease, made proofs that we use to describe diseases caused by microbes, Father of Microbiology

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Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

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Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians who had been working in the autopsy room

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Phenol

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chemical that kills everything, but causes cancer

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Joseph Lister

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first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals, these techniques became foundation for modern microbial control that are still in use today

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Pasteur

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invented pasteurization and showed that human diseases could arise from infections

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Pasteurization

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heating matter for a long time to kill/slow down microbes/delay bacterial action

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Robert Koch

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established a series of proofs that verified the erm theory of disease

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Nomenclature

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how we name organisms

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Taxonomy

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how we classify living things, classified by Carl von Linne in 1700s, categorizes over 2 million differnet kinds of organisms

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Classification

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attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into taxa

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Identification

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the process of discovering and recording traits of organisms so they can be recognized and placed in a taxonomic scheme

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Binominal System

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combination of the genus and species, genus uppercase and species lowercase

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Genus

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family organsism belongs to

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Species

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special/different characteristics that the organism possesses

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Genus and Species

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only two classifications that we study in microbiology