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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why is HIV so harmful to human cells? |
HIV buds from a host cell and takes markers from the host. This makes our immune system unable to recognize them as foregin |
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xenotransplants |
organ transplant into a human using animal organs |
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the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product such as food, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes |
biotechnology |
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the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins |
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) |
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self replicating DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell. It carries foreign DNA |
vectors |
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what are usually used as vectors |
plasmids |
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population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell, each containing a vector |
clone |
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selecting for a naturally occurring microbe that produces that produces a desired product |
selection |
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mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait |
mutation |
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a targeted and specific change in a gene |
site-directed mutagenesis |
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a special class of DNA- cutting enzymes that exist in many bacteria. These enzymes destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells. |
restriction enzymes |
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how are restriction enzymes useful in rDNA |
a restriction enzyme will cut a DNA at its particular recognition site, producing a DNA fragment with two sticky ends. You can enter a new plasmid here. |
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a powerful way of working with the bacteria that have been transferred with these genetic entities
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antibiotic counter selection |
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What is one requirement of a DNA molecule to be a vector |
it has to be able to self replicate. |
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carry genetic entities from one organism to another |
shuttle vector |
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a way to take a small amount of DNA and amplify it to make a bunch of copies to have enough for analysis |
Polymerase chain reaction |
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What are the steps in the PCR |
1. take the amount of DNA you have, and heat it up until it melts 2. take primers to make copies of the DNA 3. keep repeating, the amount will double each time |
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who created the PCR |
Kary Mullis |
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what does reverse transcriptase PCR use as a template |
mRNA |
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what are 5 ways to inter DNA into a cell. describe each |
1. transformation: cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment 2. Electroporation: electrical currents form pores in cell membranes 3. Protoplast fusion: removing cell walls from 2 bacteria, allowing them to fuse 4. Gene Gun: especially used in plant cells- blast the particles that are coated in DNA into the cell 5. micro-injection: uses a glass micro-pipette with a diameter that is much smaller than the cell |
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what two ways do microbiologists obtain the DNA they are interested in |
1. genometric libraries 2. synthetic DNA |
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a collection of clones containing different DNA fragments |
Genometric Libraries |
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how is complementary DNA made? |
from mRNA by reverse transcriptase |
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an enzyme that reads RNA into DNA |
reverse transcriptase |
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builds genes using a DNA synthesis machine |
Synthetic DNA |
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What are 2 ways to identify cells carrying a particular gene |
1. Blue-white screening 2. colony-hybridization |
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identifies whether a cell has YFG by turning it blue |
blue-white screening |
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uses DNA probes to find YFG |
colony hybridization |
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short segments of single-stranded DNA complementary to the desired gene and links it to a reporter molecule |
DNA Probes |
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Name some of the common organisms used in rDNA |
1. E.coli 2. Sacchanomyces 3. Plant cells and whole plants 4. mammalian cells |
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what is the "E. coli of Eukaryotic cells" |
Sachhanomyces cerevisiae |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of using E. coli as a gene product |
Advantages= easily grown and it genomics are known Disadvantages= produces endotoxins and does not secrete its proteins |
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What are some reasons Microbiologists chose Sacchanomyces cerevisiae as a gene product |
it is easily grown and has a larger genome that bacteria and it expresses eukaryotic genes easily |
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What are some advantages of choosing plant cells and whole plants as a gene products |
1. express eukaryotic genes easily 2. they are easily grown 3. they are large scale 4. they are low cost |
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What are some advantages and disadvantages of using mammalian cells as a gene prodcut |
Advantages: 1. express eukaryotic genes easily 2. can make products for medical use Disadvantages: 1. harder to grow |
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vaccines that consist of only one component of a virus |
subunit vaccine |
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one way street vaccine |
DNA Vaccine |
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replacing defective or missing genes |
gene therapy |
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occurs in eukaryotes as a defense against viruses and transpoons |
gene silencing |
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Describe the process of gene silencing |
small interfering RNA's bind to mRNA, which is then destroyed by RISC |
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holds promise for gene therapy for treateing genetic diseases |
RNA Interface |
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inserts DNA encoding siRNA into a plasmid and transfers it into a cell |
RNA Interface |
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sequences small pieces of genothmics, which are assembled by a computer |
shotgun sequencing |
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the study of genetic material directly from environmental samples |
megagenomics |
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what is the new goal for the human genome project |
to map all the proteins in human cells |
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What did Jeremy Rifkin do that was significant |
tried to get rDNA outlawed because he though it was dangerous
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understanding gene function via computer based analysis |
bioinformatics |
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determining proteins expressed in a cell |
proteomics |
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discovering a gene function from a genetic sequence |
reverse genetics |
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a process where DNA probes detect specific DNA in fragments called RFLP's that are separated by gel electropheresis |
southern blotting |
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who is southern blotting named after |
Ed Southern |
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the design and manufacture of extremely small electronic circuits build at the molecular level of matter. |
nanotechnology |
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nanotechnology is used in drug ________ and ______ |
targetting and delivery |
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what produces crown gall disease in plants by inserting a Ti plasmid? |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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how do we use Ti plasmids in rDNA? |
we remove the tumor and use it as a vector to transfer things into plants |
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good for killing corn earworms |
Bt toxin |
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how do Bt toxins kill earworms? |
they for a parasporal body that paralyze the digestive tract of organisms |
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Restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that |
phage DNA is destroyed in a host cell |
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Which will the DNA probe GGCTTA hybridize with? |
CCGAAT |
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Which of the following if the fourth basic step to genetically modify a cell |
ligation |
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What is the second enzyme used to make cDNA> |
ribozyme |
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If youput a gene in a virus, the next step in genetic modification would be _______. |
transduction |
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You have a small gene that you want replicated by PCR. You add radioactively labeled nucleotides to the PCR thermal cycler. After three replication cycles, what percentage of the DNA single strands are radioactively labeled? |
87.5% |
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pieces of human DNA stored in yeast cells |
library |
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a population of cells carrying a desired plasmid |
clone |
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self-replication DNA for transmitting a gene from one organism to another |
vector |
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a gene that hybridizes with m RNA |
antisense |
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Ti plasmid stands for ________ |
tumor inducing |
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plasmids that can exist in several different species, such as bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells are called ________. |
shuttle vectors |
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The lacZ gene encodes the enzyme __________. |
beta galatosidase |
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RFLP stands for |
restriction fragment length polymorphisms |
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restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that |
destroyed phage DNA |
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Trial DNA vaccines are currently being tested against |
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staggered ends, or sticky ends, are most useful in rDNA because they can be used to join two different pieces of DNA that were cut by the same _____ _______. |
restriction enzyme |
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reverse transcriptase can be used to synthesize cDNA from an mRNA template, thus making a _______ gene |
intronless |
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E. coli, like other gram negative bacteria, creates ______ as part of the outer layer of its cell wall |
endotoxins |
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stretches of DNA that code for proteins are known as _______ |
exons |
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Microbes have been used for years in the production of |
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_________ is most famous for its ability to fix nitrogen |
Rhizobium |
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what is the second enzyme used to make cDNA? |
ribozyme |
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colony hybridization is a common method of identifying calls that carry a specific ______gene |
cloned |
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Escherichia, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter can be distinguished from Salmonella and Shigella based on their abilities to ferment the sugar ______ |
lactose |
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Serological testing can differentiate not only among bacterial species, but also among ______ within species |
strains |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique that can be used to increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by ___ _________. |
gel electrophoesis |
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Advantages of using ribotyping to determine phylogenetic relationships include: |
1. all cells contain ribosomes 2. RNA genes have undergone few changes over time 3. Domain, Phylum, and in some cases genus have the same "signature sequences" in their RNA 4. cells don't have to be cultured in a lab |
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Multi cellular ingestive heterotrophs are classified as |
animallia |
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EcoR1 recognizes and cleaves the sequence _______ |
GAATTC |
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_______ are prokaryotes that don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
Archaea |
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of the more than 2600 species listed in the approved lists of bacterial names, fewer than 5% are
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human pathogens |
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________ are maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms |
cladograms |
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______ are not placed in a kingdom, they aren't composed of cells and can't grow without a host |
viruses |
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fatty acid profiles are useful for identifying organisms |
True |
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Living organisms are currently classified into 3 _____ |
domains |
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A domain can be classified into ______ |
kingdoms |
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_______ uses bacterial viruses susceptibilities to help determine infection sources |
phage typing
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