Micro Chapter 8

Front 1

What is genetics?

Back 1

the study of heredity

Front 2

NAME
is the study of heredity

Back 2

Genetics

Front 3

NAME
is the sum total of gentic material of the cell

Back 3

Genome

Front 4

What is the Genome?

Back 4

is the sum total of gentic material of the cell

Front 5

NAME
is all the DNA in the cell

Back 5

genome

Front 6

Most of the gentic info exists in ( ).

Back 6

chromosomes

Front 7

Most of the ( ) info exists in the chromosomes

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Gentic

Front 8

NAME
contains hundreds of genes that are composed of DNA

Back 8

chromomsomes

Front 9

Chromosomes contain hundreds of (1) that are composed of (2)

Back 9

(1)genes (2)DNA

Front 10

What are genes?

Back 10

are specifc segements in the chromsome

Front 11

NAME
are specifc segments in the chromosome

Back 11

genes

Front 12

the chromosome is the portion of ( ).

Back 12

DNA molecule that codes for a certain cell function

Front 13

NAME
is the portion of the DNA that codes for a certain cell function

Back 13

chromosome

Front 14

What is genotype?

Back 14

is the orgainsims gentic make up

Front 15

NAME
is the organism's gentic make up

Back 15

genotype

Front 16

What is the phenotype?

Back 16

a genes traits

Front 17

NAME
is a gene's traits

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phenotype

Front 18

The genotype dictates the experession of its ( ).

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phenotype

Front 19

the ( ) dictates the expression of its phenotype

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genotype

Front 20

What holds the DNA together?

Back 20

hydrogen bonds together

Front 21

HOW does the replication of DNA happen?

Back 21

(1)enzymes uncoil the helix, unzipping the anitparallel strands

Front 22

Replication of DNA ocurs in a ( ) direction

Back 22

5'=3'

Front 23

( ) ocurs in a 5'=3' direction

Back 23

replication of DNA

Front 24

What direction does the replication of DNA ocur?

Back 24

5'=3' direction

Front 25

NAME
5'=3'

Back 25

lagging strand

Front 26

NAME
3'=5'

Back 26

lagging strand

Front 27

What is the leading strand?

Back 27

the 3'='5 strand of DNA

Front 28

What is the lagging strand?

Back 28

5'=3' strand of DNA

Front 29

Name (5) enzymes that aid in the replication of DNA

Back 29

(1)Helicase (2)Primase (3)RNA polymerases (4) DNA polymerases (5)Ligase

Front 30

What is Helicase?

Back 30

a enzyme that unzips the DNA

Front 31

NAME
unzips the DNA during replication

Back 31

Helicase

Front 32

What is primase?

Back 32

synthesizes the RNA polymerase primer

Front 33

NAME
synthesizes the RNA polymerase primer

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primase

Front 34

What is the RNA polymerases?

Back 34

adds bases to the chains during replication

Front 35

NAME
adds bases to chains during DNA replication (2)

Back 35

RNA and DNA polymerase

Front 36

NAME
responsible for the final binding of nicks in the DNA

Back 36

Ligase

Front 37

What is ligase?

Back 37

enzyme that seals together the covalent sugar-phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone

Front 38

NAME
is a enzyme that seals togther the covalent sugar-phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone

Back 38

Ligase

Front 39

What is a mutation?

Back 39

a change in genetic material

Front 40

NAME
is a change in genetic material

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mutation

Front 41

Muatitons can be (1), (2), or (3).

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(1)neutral (2) benefical (3)harmful

Front 42

What are two of the different types of mutations>

Back 42

(1)one base substitution (2)Frameshift

Front 43

One base substitution causes (1).

Back 43

the substution of one incorrect amino acid

Front 44

What are two types of one base subsitution muations?

Back 44

(1)missense (2)nonsense

Front 45

What is missense?

Back 45

is a one base subsutition mutation in which a protien made is functional but altered

Front 46

NAME
is a one base substituation mutation in which a protien made is functional but altered

Back 46

missense

Front 47

What is nonsense?

Back 47

is a one base subsutition mutation in which a fragment of a protien is lost making the protien non-functional

Front 48

NAME
is a one base subsutition mutation in which the protien made is non-functional bc only a fragment of a protien results

Back 48

nonsense

Front 49

What is a frame shift?

Back 49

the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs

Front 50

NAME
is the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs

Back 50

frame shift

Front 51

What can cause frameshifts?

Back 51

carcinogens

Front 52

What is a mutagen?

Back 52

is any agent that brings about a mutation

Front 53

NAME
is any agent that brings about mutation

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mutagen

Front 54

GIve a ex of missense mutation

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sicke cell disease

Front 55

sickle cell disease is a ex of a (mutation)

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missense

Front 56

One base substituations are often called ( 1 )

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point mutations

Front 57

What are point mutations?

Back 57

one base substitutions

Front 58

NAME
are one base substitutions

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point mutations

Front 59

What are three stop codons?

Back 59

(1)UAG (2) UAA (3) UGA

Front 60

How is a missense mutation an advantage compared to a nonsense muation?

Back 60

bc a missense mutation only effects 1 amino acids, therefore the protien is still able to perform its function

Front 61

TACGATACGA-what is the RNA codon?

Back 61

AUGCUAGCU

Front 62

AUGCUAGCU-what is the anti-tRNA codon?

Back 62

UAGCGAUCGA

Front 63

What is the amino acid sequence for
UAC GAU CGA?

Back 63

Tyr-Asp-Arg

Front 64

A binds w ()

Back 64

T or U

Front 65

U binds w (1)

Back 65

A

Front 66

T binds w (1)

Back 66

A

Front 67

G binds w (1)

Back 67

C

Front 68

C binds w (1)

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G

Front 69

Give a ex of a mutagen

Back 69

Nitrous acid

Front 70

How does nitrous acid act as a mutagen?

Back 70

by nitrous acid alters adenine so that it pairs w cytsoine

Front 71

NAME
alters adenine so that it pairs w Cytsoine

Back 71

Nitrous acid

Front 72

NAME
Nitrous acid is a ex

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Mutagen

Front 73

What are nucleoside analogs?

Back 73

are antiviral drugs and antitumor drugs that replace base during replication by subsituation

Front 74

NAME
are antiviral drugs and antumor that replace bases during replication by substituation

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Nucleoside analogs

Front 75

NAME
are like neocleotides but dont have a PO4 group

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necleoside

Front 76

What are the two differenet types of Mutagens?

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(1)nucleoside (2)frameshift

Front 77

What are sponteneous mutations?

Back 77

mutations that ocur in the absence of a mutagen

Front 78

NAME
are mutations taht ocur in the absensce of a mutagen

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spontenous mutations

Front 79

Frameshifit mutagens are often ( 1)

Back 79

potent carcinogens

Front 80

(1) mutagens are often poent carcinogens

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frameshift

Front 81

Give (2)exs of frameshift mutagens

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(1)benpyrene in smoke and soot (2) acridine dyes in experiments against herpes and viral infections

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NAME
a ex is benpyrene in smoke and soot

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frameshift mutagens

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NAME
a ex if acridine dyes in experiements against herpes and viral infections

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framshifit mutagens

Front 84

NAME
is a mutation screening method that assumes that a mutant cell can be revert to a normal cell in the presence of a chemcial mutagen

Back 84

Ames test

Front 85

What bacteria did Ames look act to come up w the Ames test?

Back 85

Salmonella Typhinmurinum

Front 86

UV causes the formation of (1) which unrepaired cause (2)

Back 86

(1)thymine dimers (2)skin cancer

Front 87

What are two types of radiation?

Back 87

(1)Ionizing (2)UV

Front 88

Ionzing radiationc an cause the formation of (1)

Back 88

ions that react with nucleosides and the deoxribose-phosphate backbone

Front 89

(1) can cause the formaion of ions that react with nucleosides and the deoxribose-phosphate backbone

Back 89

Ionizing radation

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(1)can cause the formation of thymine dimers

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UV radiation

Front 91

NAME
study of heredity

Back 91

genetics

Front 92

NAME
direct trasnfer btwn two bacteria temporairly by physcial contact

Back 92

conjugation

Front 93

NAME
enzyme that adds nucleotides in the growing DNA

Back 93

DNA polymerase

Front 94

NAME
one paretnal double stranded DNA molecule is converted into two indentical daughter molecules

Back 94

replication

Front 95

NAME
insertetion or deletion of one or more base pairs during mutation

Back 95

frameshift

Front 96

NAME
transport of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages

Back 96

transduction

Front 97

NAME
stable, hertibable alteration in gene sequence

Back 97

mutation

Front 98

NAME
enzyme that inhibits gene expression by decreasing its synthesis

Back 98

repressor

Front 99

NAME
a substance that acts to induce transcription of a gene

Back 99

inducer

Front 100

NAME
tRNA molecule has sequecne complementary to a codon

Back 100

anticodon

Front 101

NAME
consist of promoter, operater, and structural genes

Back 101

operon

Front 102

What is transciption?

Back 102

Dna is used to make mRNA

Front 103

NAME
DNA is used to make mRNA

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transcription

Front 104

NAME
is mRNA synthesis

Back 104

transcripition

Front 105

What is translation?

Back 105

protein synthesis

Front 106

NAME
is protien synthesis

Back 106

translation

Front 107

What are codons?

Back 107

are triplets of nirtogen bases that code for specfic amino acids

Front 108

NAME
are triplets of nitrogen bases that code for specfic amino acids

Back 108

codons

Front 109

DNA encodes for the (1), (2), and (3), that molecules express these traits

Back 109

(1)type (2)number (3) sequence of amino acids

Front 110

What are introns?

Back 110

are regions of sequences in chromosomes that do not code for protiens and separate exons

Front 111

NAME
are regions of sequences in chromosomes that do not doe for protiens

Back 111

introns

Front 112

(1) cells have introns

Back 112

Euk

Front 113

NAME
sepearte exons

Back 113

introns

Front 114

What are exons?

Back 114

are protien coding segments that are separted by introns

Front 115

NAME
are protein coding segments that are sparted by introns

Back 115

exons

Front 116

T or F
introns are found in prok chromosomes

Back 116

False

Front 117

introns are sometimes refered to as (1)

Back 117

junk DNA

Front 118

Junk DNA is refered to as (1)

Back 118

introns

Front 119

mRNA synthesis requires (1)to delete streches that correspond to introns

Back 119

spicling

Front 120

(1) requries spicling to delete streches that correspond to introns

Back 120

mRNA synthesis

Front 121

What are two ways that mutations can be repaired?

Back 121

(1)light (2)dark

Front 122

What is light repair?

Back 122

(1)requires light (2)activated by DNA photolyase (3)removes dimer and bases are replaced

Front 123

NAME
requires light, activated by DNA photolyase, removes dimer and bases are replaced

Back 123

light repair

Front 124

What is the enzyme DNA photolyase?

Back 124

removes dimer and replaces bases in light repair

Front 125

Dark repair is also called (1)

Back 125

excision repair

Front 126

excision repair is also called (1)

Back 126

dark repair

Front 127

NAME
does not require light to fix muattions

Back 127

dark repair

Front 128

What are the four main enzymes working that work in dark repair?

Back 128

(1)restriction endonuclease (2) exonuclease (3)DNA polymerase (4)ligase

Front 129

NAME
cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone

Back 129

restriction endonuclease

Front 130

What is restriction endonuclease?

Back 130

cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone

Front 131

NAME
cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone

Back 131

restriction endonuclease

Front 132

NAME
removes the damaged nucleotides in dark repair

Back 132

exonculease

Front 133

What is exonulease?

Back 133

removes the damaged nucleotides in dark repair

Front 134

Draw the replication of DNA

Back 134

see notes

Front 135

NAMES
inserts the correct bases during dark repair

Back 135

DNA polymerase

Front 136

NAME
seals the backbone during dark repair

Back 136

ligase

Front 137

What are repression and Induction controled by?

Back 137

operons

Front 138

(1) and (2) are controled by operons

Back 138

(1)repression (2) induction

Front 139

How are genes turned off?

Back 139

by the interaction of a repressor protien and a substrate

Front 140

How is transcription stoped?

Back 140

by the attachment of a repressor protien to DNA which blocks RNA polymerase

Front 141

When the repressor protien attaches to a segment of DNA physically blocking RNA polymerase during replication, What is the result?

Back 141

transcritption stops

Front 142

Inducible operons are normally (1)

Back 142

turned off

Front 143

How are inducible operons turned on?

Back 143

by the presence of lactose

Front 144

(1) are turned on by the presence of lactose

Back 144

Inductible operons

Front 145

What happens when inductible operons are turned on?

Back 145

(1)Lactose binds to the repressor protien (2)the repressor protien changes shape and detaches from the DNA (3)When the repressor protien is released, transcription and translation ocur and an enzyme product is produced to breakd down lactose

Front 146

(1) such as tryphotphan operan are usally on until enough of the end product accumulates and binds to the repressor protien

Back 146

repressible

Front 147

What is transformation?

Back 147

transfer of DNA without agents

Front 148

For transformation to ocur?

Back 148

(1)need a free donor fragment (2)a live cell

Front 149

Who discovered transformation?

Back 149

Griffith

Front 150

What was Griffith's experiment?

Back 150

done w smooth pneumoccit w/ smooth and rough cells
(1)smooth cells =death
(2)rough cells= alive
(3)heat killed smooth= death
(4)smooth cells from dead mice and roough cells= death

Front 151

What is transduction?

Back 151

transfer of DNA by phages

Front 152

NAME
transfer of DNA by phages

Back 152

transduction

Front 153

What is generalized transduction?

Back 153

random hitching of disintergarting w host DNA

Front 154

NAME
random hitching of disintergrarting w host DNA

Back 154

generalized DNA

Front 155

What is speaclized transduction?

Back 155

when only certain genes are transfered

Front 156

NAME
is when only certain types of genes are transfered

Back 156

speaclized transduction

Front 157

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Back 157

transfer of gene btwn cells of the same generation

Front 158

What is vertical gene transfer?

Back 158

transfer of genes btwn genes of cell

Front 159

NAME
transfer of genes btwn genes of cell

Back 159

vertical gene transfer

Front 160

NAME
transfer of genes btwn cells of the same generation

Back 160

horizontal gene transfer

Front 161

During Cojugation, F- = (1) and F+=(2)

Back 161

(1) Fertility factor
(2)asbence of fertility factor

Front 162

(1) used rats to find out about transformation

Back 162

Griffth

Front 163

What bacteria did Griffth use on his rats?

Back 163

Streptococcus Phenumonia

Front 164

NAME
large base sequences that regualrly depart and reinsert into other chromosomal sites, from chromosomes to plasmid, or plasmid to chromosome. Sometimes they replicate before jumping

Back 164

Transposons