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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protein structure |
1. Primary = string of amino acids (ex: insulin-51 AAs long) 2. Secondary = alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (ex: DNA-linked by hydrogen bonds) 3. Tertiary = alpha helix combines with pleated sheet (ex: collagen-ropelike) 4. Quaternary = multiple amino acid chains binding together (ex: hemoglobin-globular) |
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Denaturing |
*protein structure unfolds *can no longer be active ex: frying an egg makes albumin denature; turns white |
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Collision theory of reactions |
Atoms/molecules must collide in order to react Particles collide randomly 2 options: Enough energy = reaction Not enough energy = no reaction (can add energy by adding heat.) |
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Activation energy |
Energy needed to start and continue a reaction |
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Reaction rate |
The higher the *temperature *concentration of reactants (pressure) *concentration of products the higher the rate of reaction. |
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Enzymes |
*biological catalysts *reduce activation energy so that a reaction is more likely to take place *Do not get consumed in reaction |
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Enzyme components (4) |
1. Apoenzyme (inactive protein portion) 2. Cofactor/coenzyme (activates enzyme) *metal ions or vitamins (NAD+, coA, FAD) 3. Holoenzyme (apoenzyme + cofactor) 4. Substrate (molecule that the enzyme acts upon) |
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Sequence of Enzyme Action |
Enzyme + substrate -------> Enzyme-substrate complex ------->Enzyme + products |
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4 Factors that influence enzyme action |
1. Temp 2. pH 3. Substrate concentration 4. Competitive / noncompetitive inhibitors |
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If an enzyme is denatured, then its _____________ is changed, and it becomes ________________. |
*shape *inactive |
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Competitive inhibitors |
*bind to active site *chemically similar to substrate and has similar shape *prevents substrate from binding *Can be reversibly or irreversibly bound |
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Noncompetitive inhibitors |
*bind to allosteric site *change shape of enzyme *prevents substrate from binding to active site OR, *bind to cofactor to prevent holoenzyme formation |
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In feedback inhibition, the end product acts as a ____________________ _________________ to stop production of the product if there is already enough of it. Organisms that have evolved with feedback inhibition will be more ____________. |
*noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibitor *efficient |
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Ribozymes |
*small RNA strands *act as catalyst on other RNA molecules by cutting out introns from pre-mRNA and splicing the RNA strand back together to make mature mRNA. |
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The discovery of ribozymes was important because it showed us that... |
*not every enzyme is made up of protein |
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Why are enzymes specific to substrates? |
So we make only what we need. |
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Oxidation (OIL) |
*remove electrons *produce energy ex: organic molecule transfers hydrogen atoms to NAD+ |
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Reduction (RIG) |
*gain electrons *"store" energy ex: NAD+ receives hydrogen atoms from organic molecule |
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Substrate-level phosphorylation |
*involves one enzyme *ATP is generated by transferring a high-energy phosphate group from a substrate to ADP *all aerobic organisms use it ex: glycolysis and Krebs cycle |
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Oxidative phosphorylation |
*electrons start in organic compounds *electrons are transferred to a coenzyme (NAD+ or FAD) and ultimately to oxygen *all aerobic organisms use it ex: ETC |
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Photophosphorylation |
*occurs only in photosynthetic cells *light energy transports electrons down chain to make ATP and NADPH, which binds CO2 into glucose |
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Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle generate a ____________ amount of ATP and also supply the _______________ that generate a great deal of ATP at the _____________________________________. |
*small *electrons *ETC |
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Glycolysis occurs in ____________. Starts with _______________, which is broken into a 3-carbon ________________. Uses ____ ATP and generates a net of ______ ATP, _______ NADH, and _________ pyruvates. |
*cytoplasm *glucose *pyruvate *2 *2 *1 *2 |
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First step of Krebs cycle: start with oxaloacetic acid (______ carbons) and add acetyl COA (____ carbons) to make citric acid (______ carbons.) |
*4 *2 *6 |
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Krebs cycle |
*prokaryotes = occurs in cytoplasm *eukaryotes = occurs in mitochondrial matrix *Turns 2x per glucose to produce 6 NaDH 4 Co2 2 ATP 2 FADH2 |
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ETC |
*Energy from NADH is used to pump H+ ions out through protein complexes into the periplasmic space *H+ protons diffuse across the membrane only through special protein channels that contain ATP synthase. As H+ ions go from high to low concentration, they give off energy which is used to form ATP * At end of chain, electrons join with protons and oxygen in the matrix fluid to form water. |
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Fermentation |
*Any metabolic process that releases energy from a sugar or organic molecule, does not require oxygen or use the ETC, and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Alcohol fermentation (yeast)--ethanol and CO2 produced Lactic acid fermentation Only 2 ATP generated |
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Homolactic vs. Heterolactic fermentation |
Homolactic (people)-- only lactic acid is formed Heterolactic --lactic acid & alcohol & other organic acids |
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Pentose phosphate pathway |
*similar to glycolysis, but breaks down 5-carbon molecules (not glucose) *produces intermediates used in the synthesis of nucleic acids *1 ATP net |
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Entner-Duodoroff Pathway |
*used by some gram-negative bacteria *metabolize glucose without glycolysis or pentose phosphate *2 NADPH, 1 ATP |
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Photosynthesis |
*uses photophosphorylation *chlorophyll absorbs light energy *chlorophyll splits water molecule and components go into ETC *Forms ATP and NADPH, which are used to form glucose |
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Carbon fixation |
Taking CO2 and building it up into larger molecules (ex: glucose) |
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Biochemical tests and ID are important because |
identifying metabolic pathways used and enzymes possessed paints a picture unique to a particular microbe |
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How is metabolism connected to the synthesis of macromolecules required for life? |
Intermediates are used to make lipids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates |
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Photosynthesis is considered the reverse of respiration because |
One uses the products of the other. C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ---------> 6CO2 + 6H20 |
