Micro Chapter 4

Front 1

characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

Back 1

DNA not enclosed, single, circular, haploid double stranded

DNA not associated with histones (no DNA proteins)

lack of membrane enclosed organelles

presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls

no sexual reproduction, division by binary fission

Front 2

bacillus

Back 2

rod shaped bacteria

Front 3

coccus

Back 3

round bacteria

Front 4

diplococci

Back 4

split into 2, 2 round cells attached

Front 5

streptococci

Back 5

chain of round cells, all cells attached

(strep throat)

Front 6

tetrad

Back 6

4 round cells attached

Front 7

sarcinae

Back 7

8 round cells attached

Front 8

staphylococci

Back 8

irregular cluster of cells

(boils, stye)

Front 9

coccobacilli

Back 9

short, stumpy, sometimes rod shaped

Front 10

diplobacilli

Back 10

2 rod shaped cells

Front 11

streptobacilli

Back 11

chain of rod shaped cells

Front 12

vibrio

Back 12

curvy

Front 13

spirillium

Back 13

spiral, more rigid, can't change shape much

Front 14

spirochete

Back 14

flexible, corkscrew shape

(lyme disease, syphilis)

Front 15

prosthechete

Back 15

stocks attach/ hold on

Front 16

pleomorphic

Back 16

many shape, change shape based on environment conditions

Front 17

flagella

Back 17

motility, flagellated, definite arrangement

structurally different that euk cell

extension

Front 18

fimbrae

Back 18

tissue attachment/ hold on

little bursts of movement

Front 19

pilus

Back 19

transfer genes from other bac cells, crawl

Front 20

capsule

Back 20

infection, give bac immunity, evade immune system (does not detect presence)

compact

Front 21

anthrax

Back 21

capsulated

pneumonia- dangerous capsulated

Front 22

glycocalyx

Back 22

sugar coat, outermost, loose network, resist phagocytosis, adheres to surfaces, resistant to desiccation

Front 23

phagocytosis

Back 23

immune cells engulf foreign cell

Front 24

biofilms

Back 24

do not exist as single cells, community of microorganisms

(cavities, water scum)

60-80% infection in hospitals from biofilms

Front 25

peritrichous

Back 25

distributed all over cell

Front 26

monotrichous

Back 26

single flagella on polar ends of cell

Front 27

amphitrichous

Back 27

at 2 ends of the cell

Front 28

lopotrichous

Back 28

several flagella at end of bacteria cell

Front 29

chemotaxis

Back 29

chemical movement

(+) movement toward source

(-) movement away from source

Front 30

phototaxis

Back 30

light movement

Front 31

basal body

Back 31

anchors it to cell membrane

(page 3)

Front 32

hook

Back 32

help flagella to rotate

(page 3)

Front 33

runs and tumbles

Back 33

movement from flagella clockwise or counter clockwise

rotate opposite- tumble

Front 34

axial filament

Back 34

filaments embedded inside of bac outside cell membrane and twist, corkscrew motion, move in body fluids

endoflagellum

Front 35

sex pili

Back 35

acquires genes in community, survive/ cause disease

Front 36

peptidoglycan

Back 36

peptides and sugars

NAM and NAG

define shape, unique, antibiotic action, differences in gram staining

Front 37

steroid

Back 37

not present in bac cell

Front 38

bac cell wall functions

Back 38

hold cell together and prevent from bursting, shape of cell, made of peptidoglycans

Front 39

NAM and NAG

Back 39

long row of sugars

Front 40

gram positive cell

Back 40

several glycan layers (thick), dense network on outside (protection), wall teichoic acid (alcohol gram (+)), lipoteichoic acid (gives neg charge), 90% wall is peptidoglycan

protoplast

Front 41

gram negative cell

Back 41

few layers peptidoglycan (thin), OM not gram (+), periplasm (enzymes in space, space between OM and cell membrane), OM (lipid bilayer), porin protein (3 identical subunits, transport mol), LPS (made up of core, o, and lipid A), hydrolytic enzymes (binding proteins and chemoreceptor)

spheroplast

Front 42

Core polysaccharide

Back 42

made of several sugars, just sits there

Front 43

Lipid A

Back 43

remains embedded in outer membrane, endotoxic

fever, inflammation, shock

Front 44

O polysaccharide side chain

Back 44

gives distinguishing unit (gram (-)), varies between strains, changes quick to protect itself

Front 45

lipoprotien

Back 45

small protein, anchor between OM and peptidoglycan layer

Front 46

gram (+) gram stain

Back 46

thick peptidoglycan

remain blue

Front 47

gram (-) gram stain

Back 47

thin peptidoglycan

look colorless until red

Front 48

mycoplasma

Back 48

no peptidoglycan, sterols in cell membrane (stronger), no cell wall

walking pneumonia

Front 49

mycobacteria

Back 49

waxy outer lipid coat, cell wall, mycolic acid (resistant to dry/heat/ph)

TB, leprosy

Front 50

lysozyme

Back 50

in body fluids, breaks peptidoglycan, prevent entry of microorganisms

Front 51

penicillin

Back 51

against peptidoglycan, gram (+) breaks NAM and NaG chain

Front 52

L form

Back 52

naturally occurring condition, lack cell walls

Front 53

gram stain steps

Back 53

1. primary stain- crystal violet

2. mordant- iodine (intensifies prim, attach crystal violet to surface)

3. decolorizer- alcohol (strip away prim stain)

4. secondary stain- safranin (pink/ red color)

Front 54

acid fast

Back 54

variety of gram stain (harsher)

mycobacteria

Front 55

passive transport

Back 55

no energy required, concentrations equal on outside and inside

Front 56

simple diffusion

Back 56

movement of molecules across cell membrane through lipid bilayer

Front 57

facilitated diffusion

Back 57

transport glucose, can be specific, need special proteins

Front 58

osmosis

Back 58

movement of water, through lipid bilayer and aquaporin (H2O channel)

more stable in isotonic solution

Front 59

hypotonic

Back 59

high concentration on inside

Front 60

hypertonic

Back 60

high salt concentration on outside (shrink of cell)

Front 61

active process

Back 61

requires energy

Front 62

active transport

Back 62

movement of nutrients excreted out of the cell, ATP

Front 63

group translocation

Back 63

molecules in and out of cell, chemically modified, bacteria

Front 64

cytoplasm

Back 64

mostly H2O, no nucleus, made of chromosomes, plasmids, ribosomes

Front 65

chromosomes

Back 65

circular, tightly coiled, haploid, change in bacteria cell expressed

Front 66

plasmids

Back 66

small circular pieces of extra DNA (in addition to essential DNA), can live without plasmids

genes are essential for cell survival

Front 67

enzymes

Back 67

antibiotic in plasmids

Front 68

ribosomes

Back 68

70S in prokaryotes, ribosomal RNA and proteins

S- unit of determining weight

euk- easy to target bac cell (absence of structures)

Front 69

cytoplasm inclusions

Back 69

granules in bac cell, markers

Front 70

metachromatic inclusions

Back 70

many colors, (volutin), inorganic phosphates

Front 71

polysaccharide granules

Back 71

store polysaccharides

Front 72

lipid inclusions, sulfur granules, carboxysomes

Back 72

no pathogens, in extreme conditions

Front 73

gas vacuoles

Back 73

buoyancy in aquatic bac, bubbles inside cell

Front 74

magnetosomes

Back 74

magnetic particles, align based on earth

Front 75

haploid

Back 75

single set of chromosomes

Front 76

endospore

Back 76

inside bac cell, not reproductive, sporulation (response to extreme env changes), gram (+) bac, outermost- exosporium (protein), coats (layers of protein), cortex (loose link peptidoglycan), core wall- ca ions and dipicolinic acid (heat resistant), dormant for long time

bacillus anthracis, clostridium species

Front 77

bacillus anthracis

Back 77

pathogenic group of bac, does not like oxygen

Front 78

clostridium species

Back 78

pathogenic group of bac, does not like oxygen

tetanus, gang green