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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemotherapeutic agent/drug |
treatment of condition with chemicals bacteria- inhibition by competition antifil shock- over response from immune system |
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prophylaxis |
prevention |
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bactericidal |
kill |
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bacteristatic |
stop growth process does not kill |
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natural |
mordified |
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semi synthetic |
half artificially produced, half natural microbes |
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synthetic |
no microbe use, all artificial |
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therapeutic index |
toxic dose in individual/ toxic dose in microorganisms high TI=less toxic, small doses and less side effects low TI=be careful, more dangerous |
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broad spectrum |
works on a large number of bacteria prescribed with no wait time |
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narrow spectrum |
effective against a particular group of bacteria have time to wait for it to work |
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chemotherapy |
look up |
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superinfection (suppression of normal biota) |
develop after broad spectrum antibiotic infection over primary infection (yeast, C dif) |
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selectively toxic |
effective against bacteria cell components not in humans (cell wall, ribosomes) |
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allergic reactions, toxic effects |
immune system reaction, side effects |
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antimicrobial action |
bacteristatic or bactericidal |
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spectrum of activity |
broad or narrow |
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combination effect |
microorganisms don't develop resistance less dosage and less toxic synergism, antagonism |
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synergism |
drugs enhance each other (less dosage/ side effects)
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antagonism |
drugs go against each other |
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resistance of microorganisms |
develop as result of gene transfer imate- resistance because gram - bac mycobac- mycolic acid mycoplasma- cell wall
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half life |
time required for drug concentration to decrease 50% in patient serum Z pack- long half life, penicillin- short half life |
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microbes |
use binary fission no sex reproduction
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inhibition of cell wall synthesis penicillin, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin |
start in peptidoglycan antibiotics, effective against growing bacteria |
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inhibition of protein synthesis chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin |
use if only needed bad side effects |
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inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription quinolones, rifampin
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rifamprin- used if come in contact with infected individual, pink body fluid |
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injury to plasma membrane polymyxin B |
toxic to humans used externally on skin |
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inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis sulfanilamide, trimethoprim |
inhibit- block synthesis, activation metabolism |
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cell wall |
target peptidoglycan layer, prevents bursting, effective in active growing cells, against gram + but newer work on both |
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penicillins Pen G and Pen V natural antibiotics |
Pen G- destroyed by stomach (not given orally) both outdated, developed resistance |
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semisynthetic ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin |
broad spectrum generic penicillin |
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cephalosporins |
chemical structure similar to penicillin |
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polypeptide antibiotics vancomycin, bacitracin |
vancomycin- drug of last choice bacitracin- only in skin ointment, toxic Staph/MRSA |
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antimycobacterial antibiotics isoniazid, ethambutol |
isoniazid- inactivates enzyme (leprosy, TB) only against microbac, prevent synthesis of my colic acid given together |
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protein synthesis |
interfere with RNA complex, selective action as euk RNA different, mitochondria have 70 sRNA-toxicity |
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chloramphenicol, clindamycin |
tissue involved chloramphenicol- inexpensive, used in life treatening situations, produced naturally, good penetration (go across blood barrier) a plastic anemia- bone marrow suppression clindamycin- infections, not as toxic
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aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin |
streptomycin- effective antibiotic, cause vertigo, liver damage, vision problems, hearing loss neomycin- not oral (toxic), skin ointment gentamicin and tobramycin- less toxic |
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tetracyclines |
liver damage not given to preg women or kids teeth discoloration in kids, found in animal feed |
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macrolides: erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin |
erythromycin- bacteristatic, not used with penicillin, not many side effects, broad spectrum azithromycin- Z pack |
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streptogramins |
synercid combo of quinupristin and dalfopristin (cyclic peptides) very effective, 10% concentration, staph infection (not resistant) block transcription/translation by binding to ribosomal units |
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cell membrane |
distorts cell surface cause protein leakage in gram -, toxic to euk cells topical, not internal |
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polymixin B |
skin ointment |
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lipopeptides treatment of MRSA |
skin infections |
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inhibition of nucleic acid replication, transcription |
quinolones: nalidixic acid, cipro cipro- treat anthrax |
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rifamycin |
rifampin anti tubercular activity, specifically active against leprosy and TB isoniazid and ethambutal- against mycolic acid rifampin- contact with infected individual |
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flagyl |
anaerobic infection C dif anaerobic cycle |
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folic acid |
synthesis of nucleotides (get from diet) |
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PABA |
para aminobenzoic acid bacteria uses for folic acid synthesis |
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antimetabolite |
interfere with folic acid synthesis, selectively toxic to bac as humans do not synthesize folic acid-diet
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sulfa drugs trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in synergism silver sulfadiazine- burn victims (antimicrobial agent) |
bind to enzyme and block synthesis restrictive |
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antiviral drugs |
specific against bacteria only in AIDS-imitates host have to be used at beginning prevent or reduce severity |
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AZT adidothymidine antiviral drug |
thymine analog, used in AIDS patients, blocks reverse transcriptase and viral DNA terminated blocks certain parts of the cycle (can't kill virus) |
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Acyclovir antiviral drug |
inhibits viral DNA polymerase (proofread enzyme), limits herpesvirus infections |
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neuraminidase antiviral drug |
enzyme inhibitors, block uncoating of FluA virus, prevents, reduces severity and duration of flu virus becomes part of host cell several toxic side effects Tamiflu, Relenza |
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mechanisms of resistance |
plasmids, r factors, mutations (DNA/RNA) synthesize enzymes that inactivate drug ex. betalac, penicillinase, cephal (inact penicillin) prevent entrance drug- dec permeab, mycobac- resist due to my colic acid (imperm to drugs) pump out drug after enter- inactivate (E Coli) modify target enzyme- drug not effective variation of resistance- groups of bac |
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antimicrobial drug dilemma |
too many antibio prescribed for viral inf broad spectrum instead of narrow drug prescribed before testing more expensive drugs self med and ineffective use of antibio |
