Micro Chapter 19

Front 1

Microbial imbalance that causes adverse affects in humans

Back 1

Dysbiosis

Front 2

kills normal gut microbiota, causing Clostridium difficile to proliferate

Back 2

Antibiotic therapy

Front 3

Dysbiosis is the cause of _______.

Back 3

Inflammatory bowl diseases such as colitis and Crohn's disease

Front 4

antigenic response beyond normal

Back 4

hypersensitivity

Front 5

When is hypersensitivity caused?

Back 5

After a person is sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen (an allergen)

Front 6

What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity?

Back 6

1. Anaphylactic (Type I)

2. Cytotoxic (Type II)

3. Immune Complex (Type III)

4. Delayed Cell-mediated (Type IV)

Front 7

How long does it take for an anaphylactic response to occur after 2nd exposure exposure

Back 7

less than 30 minutes

Front 8

What do antigens combine with in an Anaphylactic reaction?

Back 8

IgE antibodies

Front 9

What happens to mast cells and basophils once combined with IgE in an anaphylactic reaction?

Back 9

They undergo degranulation

Front 10

What are the mediators released by degranulation in an anaphylactic reaction and what do they do

Back 10

1. Histamine (increases the permeability of blood capillaries

2. Leukotrienes (Causes prolonged contraction of smooth muscles)

3. Prostaglandins (affect smooth muscle and increase mucus secretion)

Front 11

What are the 2 different types of anaphylactic shock?

Back 11

1. systemic

2. localized

Front 12

systemic anaphylaxis

Back 12

1. causes anaphylactic shock

2. Results when an individual sensitized to an antigen is exposed to it again

3. may result in circulatory collapse and death

4. treated with epinephrine

Front 13

Localized anaphylaxis

Back 13

1. happens when antigens are ingested or inhaled

2. Symptoms depend on the route of entry, but may experience hives, hay fever, and asthma

Front 14

How are anaphylactic reactions prevented

Back 14

1. antigens are inoculated beneath the epidermis to test for a rapid inflammatory reaction (wheal)

2. Desensitization: increasing dosages of antigen injected beneath the skin, which produces IgG, which act as blocking antibodies to intercept and neutralize antigens

Front 15

How long does it take for a cytotoxic reaction to occur?

Back 15

5-12 hours

Front 16

What causes a Cytotoxic reaction

Back 16

activation of complement by the combination of IgG or IgM antibodies with an antigenic cell: causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages

Front 17

Type i blood type is referred to as an ________.

Back 17

amorph

Front 18

What is the most common cytotoxic reaction

Back 18

blood transfusion reactions: red blood cells are destroyed as a result of reacting with circulating antibodies

Front 19

What blood group systems cause a cytotoxic transfusion reation?

Back 19

ABO and Rh

Front 20

antibodies form against certain carbohydrate antigens on RBC in what kind of blood group system?

Back 20

ABO

Front 21

What determines ABO blood type?

Back 21

the presence or absence of carbohydrate antigens located on the cell membranes of red blood cells

Front 22

Type O blood has A or B antigens?

Back 22

neither

Front 23

Type A blood has A or B antigens

Back 23

A

Front 24

Type B blood as A or B antigens

Back 24

B

Front 25

Type AB blood has A or B antigens

Back 25

both

Front 26

Which blood type recessive and is the universal donor

Back 26

Type O

Front 27

Does everyone have an Rh factor?

Back 27

No. 85% do

Front 28

Hemolytic disease of the new born

Back 28

1. An Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus causes the mother to produce anti-Rh antibodies

2. The second Rh+ fetus will receive anti Rh antibodies, damaging fetal RBC's

Front 29

What are the two cytotoxic reactions?

Back 29

transfusion reactions and drug-induced cytotoxic reactions

Front 30

Thrombocytopenic purpura

Back 30

a cytotoxic disease where platelets combine with drugs, forming a complex that is antigenic, and antibody and complement destroy platelets

Front 31

agranulocytosis

Back 31

drug-induced destruction of granulocytes that affects body's phagocytic response

Front 32

Hemolytic anemia

Back 32

drug-induced destruction of RBC's

Front 33

How long does an Immune Complex reaction take?

Back 33

3-8 hours

Front 34

Which hypersensitivity reaction is common in men that have had a mastectomy

Back 34

immune complex

Front 35

What happens during an immune complex reaction

Back 35

1.antibodies form against soluble antigens in the serum

2. These antibodies (usuall IgG) form immune complexes that lodge in the basement membranes beneath the cells; activating complement and causing inflammation

Front 36

an immune complex condition usually resulting from an infection that causes inflammatory damage to the kidney glomeruli (the sites of blood filtration)

Back 36

glomerulonephritis

Front 37

How long does it take for a delayed cell-mediated reaction to occur after exposure?

Back 37

24-28 hours

Front 38

What is a classic example of something that causes a delayed cell-mediated reaction?

Back 38

poison ivy

Front 39

Delayed cell-mediated reaction

Back 39

1. involves a cell-mediated immune response caused by T cells

2. antigens are phagocytized and presented to receptors on T cells, causing sensitization

3. Re-exposure to antigen cause memory cells to release destructive cytokines

Front 40

Allergic contact dermatitis

Back 40

1. a delayed cell-mediated reaction

2. haptens combine with proteins in the skin, producing an immune response

Front 41

an immune response to self antigens, causing damage to the organs; a loss of self tolerance

Back 41

autoimmune disease

Front 42

What are the three types of autoimmune disorders

Back 42

1. cytotoxic

2. immune complex

3. cell mediated

Front 43

which autoimmune reaction involves antibodies react with cell surface antigens

Back 43

cytotoxic

Front 44

which autoimmune reaction involves immune complexes of antibodies and complement depositing in tissues

Back 44

immune complex

Front 45

which autoimmune reaction involves T cells that attach tissues

Back 45

Cell-mediated

Front 46

What are the two examples of cytotoxic autoimmune reactions and what happens in these reactions?

Back 46

1. Grave's disease- abnormal antibodies in the thyroid produce excessive amount of hormones

2. Myasthenia Gravis- antibodies coat acetylcholine receptors, causing muscle cells to fail to receive signals

Front 47

What are the two types of immune complex autoimmune reactions and what happens?

Back 47

1. systemic lupus erythematosus: immune complexes form in the kidney glomeruli

2. Rheumatoid arthritis: immune complexes form in the joints

Front 48

What are the two types of Cell-mediated autoimmune reactions and what happens?

Back 48

1. insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: T cells destruction of insulin-secreting cells

2. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: autoimmune disorders of the skin

Front 49

Where is the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex located

Back 49

chromosome 6

Front 50

Histocompatibility antigens

Back 50

self antigens on cell surfaces

Front 51

major histocompatibility complex

Back 51

genes encoding histocompatibility antigens

Front 52

human leukocyte antigen complex

Back 52

MHC genes in humans

Front 53

certain HLA's are related to increased susceptibility to specific ______

Back 53

diseases

Front 54

Linkage disequilibrium

Back 54

there is no equilibrium between marker and what causes a disease in HLA complexes

Front 55

Type II (________) reactions generally involve the activation of complement by the combination of IgG or IgM antibodies with an antigenic cell.

Back 55

cytotoxic

Front 56

_________ is an inclusive term for the reactions caused when certain antigens combined with IgE antibodies.

Back 56

anaphylaxis

Front 57

Whereas sensitization to injected antigens is a common cause of systemic anaphylaxis, ________ anaphylaxis is usually associated with antigens that are either ingested or inhaled.

Back 57

localized

Front 58

Scientists have found _______ transplants to be much more effective than antibiotics in treating some IBD cases.

Back 58

fecal

Front 59

___________ is a procedure that usually consists of a series of gradually increasing doses of the antigen carefully injected beneath the skin.

Back 59

desensitization

Front 60

Type III (Immune _______) reactions involve antibodies against soluble antigens circulating in the serum.

Back 60

complex

Front 61

Our relationship with gut microbiota is usually commensal or mutualistic. However, a change in microbiota can result in __________, an imbalance that causes adverse effects in the human.

Back 61

dysbiosis

Front 62

When the action of the immune system is in response to self antigens and causes damage to one's own organs, the result is an

Back 62

autoimmune

Front 63

A transplanted cornea is rarely rejected, mainly because antibodies usually do not circulate into that portion of the eye, which is therefore considered and immunologically ___________ site.

Back 63

privelaged

Front 64

Bridging of antibodies on the surface of mast cells or basophils can cause them to undergo __________, which releases the granules inside the cells and also the mediators they contain.

Back 64

degranulation

Front 65

What does the hygiene hypothesis suggest?

Back 65

that limiting exposure to pathogens may lower immune tolerance and the ability to cope with harmless antigens

Front 66

What is the goal of HLA studies?

Back 66

to find out what microbes healthy people have, and to find what microbes unhealthy people have.

Front 67

targeted preventive medicine

Back 67

can be effective if a person has a haplotype that makes them more succeptable for a disease

Front 68

rescue therapy

Back 68

wiping out a sick person's bone marrow and re plenishing with a donors marrow

Front 69

how long do kidney transplants last?

Back 69

8 years

Front 70

haplotype

Back 70

tells you which diseases you're more succeptible to.

Front 71

cyclosporine

Back 71

one drug used to suppress the hyper response to animal tissues in humans (so we can successfully complete xenotransplants)

Front 72

privileged sites and privileged tissue

Back 72

do not cause an immune response to transplants

Front 73

what are the priveleged sites

Back 73

cornea, heart valve, hamster cheek pouch

Front 74

Embryonic stem cells

Back 74

the best stem cells

Front 75

pluripotent

Back 75

can generate all types of cells

Front 76

use of ones own tissues

Back 76

autograft

Front 77

use of identical twin's tissue

Back 77

isograft

Front 78

use of tissue from another person

Back 78

allografts

Front 79

graft-versus-host disease

Back 79

can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells

Front 80

cancer cells are removed by _______

Back 80

immune surveilance

Front 81

congenital immunodeficiencies

Back 81

due to defective or missing genes

Front 82

acquired immunodeficienceis

Back 82

develop during an individuals life

Front 83

co-selected marker

Back 83

when you select for one marker, you get another that's connected to it

Front 84

What was the disease found in homosexual men before HIV

Back 84

Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 85

Penny penao

Back 85

missionary that survived aids, they took her immunoglobulins to save someone else of importance

Front 86

What is the coreceptor that 1 in 100 people have that makes them resistant to aids

Back 86

CCR5

Front 87

What does the immune system send out to fight aids

Back 87

CD4+

Front 88

the period of time between infection and appearance of antibodies

Back 88

seroconversion

Front 89

plasma viral load

Back 89

is determined by PCR or nucleic acid hybridization

Front 90

Routes of transmission for HIV

Back 90

intimate sexual contact, breast milk, trans-placental infection, contaminated needles, organ transplants, and blood transfusion

Front 91

HAART

Back 91

use combinations of drugs to minimize survival of resistant strains