Micro Chapter 18

Front 1

When agglutination reactions involve the clumping of red blood cells, the reaction is called _____________.

Back 1

hemagglutination

Front 2

Complement- ________ reactions are serological tests based on the depletion of a fixed amount of complement in the presence of an antigen-antibody reaction.

Back 2

fixation

Front 3

______ vaccines use only those antigenic fragments of the microorganism that best stimulate an immune response.

Back 3

subunit

Front 4

________ is the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive.

Back 4

sensitivity

Front 5

A fluorescence-activated cell sorter can be used to detect and count cells labeled with fluorescent _________.

Back 5

antibodies

Front 6

Deliberate weakening, called ______ can lead to the production of live vaccines that are not as dangerous.

Back 6

attenuation

Front 7

A neutralization test used mostly for the serological typing of viruses is the viral hemagglutination __________ test.

Back 7

inhibition

Front 8

_______ reactions involve the reaction of soluble antigens with IgG or IgM antibodies to form large, interlocking molecular aggregates called lattices.

Back 8

precipitation

Front 9

At this time, alum is the only __________ approved for use in the United States in humans.

Back 9

adjuvant

Front 10

ELISA stands for enzyme-linked ___________ essay.

Back 10

immunosorbent

Front 11

who wrote storms of my grandchildren about climate change

Back 11

James Hansen

Front 12

inoculation of smallpox into the skin

Back 12

vaiolation

Front 13

_____ inoculated cowpox to prevent smallpox

Back 13

Jenner

Front 14

What is the only case where you can be vaccinated for one and be immune to both

Back 14

cowpox and small pox

Front 15

______ is one of the few diseases we have under control in the US

Back 15

small pox

Front 16

what disease did we almost have under control, and is also known as the "disease of the rich"

Back 16

polio

Front 17

who termed the word vaccination

Back 17

pasteur

Front 18

a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity

Back 18

vaccine

Front 19

Principles and effects of vaccination

Back 19

1. provokes a primary immune response, which leads to the formation of antibodies and memory cells

2. produces a rapid, intense secondary response

Front 20

Herd immunity

Back 20

immunity in most of a population; we don't have to vaccinate everyone, just most of a population

Front 21

live attenuated vaccines

Back 21

1. a weakened pathogen

2. closely mimics an actual infection

3. gives lifelong immunity

Front 22

inactivated killed vaccines

Back 22

1. safer than live vaccine

2. requires repeated boosters

3. induces mostly humoral immunity

Front 23

subunit vaccines

Back 23

use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

Front 24

recombinant vaccines

Back 24

sub-unit vaccines produced by genetic modification

Front 25

virus-like particle vacines

Back 25

resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

Front 26

toxoids

Back 26

inactivated toxins

Front 27

antitoxins

Back 27

serums containing antibodies against the toxin

Front 28

conjugated vaccines

Back 28

used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides

Front 29

nucleic acid vaccines

Back 29

DNA gets put into muscle and produces antigens on a continuing basis; new

Front 30

are vaccines more or less profitable than medicine?

Back 30

less

Front 31

What is a cheap source for getting vaccines?

Back 31

plants

Front 32

"reverse vaccinology"

Back 32

for the development of cellular immunity; computerized research of antigen's genome for likely antigens to use as vaccines

Front 33

nanopatch

Back 33

delivers a dry formulation of a vaccine to the skin

Front 34

what is the most famous adjuvant

Back 34

freud's; detergent + oil

Front 35

what is the only approved adjuvant in the US?

Back 35

alum

Front 36

what are adjuvants

Back 36

chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectivenes

Front 37

who lied about vaccines having a link to autism?

Back 37

andrew wakefield

Front 38

sensitivity

Back 38

probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive

Front 39

specificity

Back 39

probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative; wont pick up the wrong thing

Front 40

Immunologic-based diagnostic tests

Back 40

interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens; a known antibody can identify a known pathogen

Front 41

Hybridoma

Back 41

"immortal" cancerous B cell combined with an antibody producing normal B cell; produces monoclonal antibodies

Front 42

who invented hybridoma

Back 42

cesar milstein

Front 43

____ are uniform, highly specific, and produced in large quantities; they are used in human therapy and are often derived from mice

Back 43

monoclonal antibodies

Front 44

mabs with a mouse variable region and human constant region

Back 44

chimeric monoclonal antibodies

Front 45

mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen binding sites

Back 45

humanized antibodies

Front 46

mabs produced from a human genome on a mouse

Back 46

fully human antibodies

Front 47

involve the reaction of soluble antigens with IgG and IgM antibodies to form large, interlocking molecular aggregates called lattices

Back 47

Precipitation reactions

Front 48

Precipitation ring test

Back 48

a cloudy line forms where there is the optimal ratio of antigen and antibody

Front 49

involve cross linking of insoluble entities

Back 49

agglutination reactions

Front 50

involve cross linking of soluble entities

Back 50

precepitation reactions

Front 51

Marrack's hypothesis

Back 51

You get precipitation when there is equivelance

Front 52

precipitation reactions carried out in an agar gel medium

Back 52

immunodiffusion tests

Front 53

combines electrophoresis with immunodiffusion

Back 53

immunoelectrophoresis

Front 54

what kind of tests measures the concentration of serum antibody (titer)

Back 54

direct agglutination tests

Front 55

a significant change in titer as a disease progresses

Back 55

seroconversion

Front 56

How long does it take a person with HIV to seroconvert?

Back 56

6-8 weeks

Front 57

indirect (passive) agglutination tests

Back 57

a situation where you put an antigen on a RBC that usually isnt there

Front 58

occurs when viruses agglutinate RBCs without an antigen antibody reactions

Back 58

viral hemagglutination