Micro Chapter 17

Front 1

macrophages

Back 1

perform phagocytosis

Front 2

"the primary conductor of the immunological orchestra"

Back 2

T-cells

Front 3

______ cells do a lot of information processing

Back 3

T

Front 4

B & T cells develop in ______

Back 4

stem cells in the bone marrow

Front 5

Which cells are made in Red bone marrow?

Back 5

B-cells

Front 6

Which cells are made in the Thymus?

Back 6

T-cells

Front 7

Where do T & B cells go once they are formed?

Back 7

lymphoid tissue such as the spleen, but especially lymph nodes

Front 8

What happens if a T-cell makes a receptor that recognizes and binds too tightly to a self component?

Back 8

Autoimmune response

Front 9

What do T cells do to get rid of T cells that bind too tightly?

Back 9

undergo negative selection

Front 10

collective binding

Back 10

avinity

Front 11

tightness of binding

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affinity

Front 12

a process where T and B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response

Back 12

affinity maturation

Front 13

switching classes is known as a

Back 13

class switch

Front 14

CD4+ cells are ______ cells. What is its job?

Back 14

Helper T cells. Its job is to communicates to B cells to proliferate of differentiate into memory B cells of plasma cells

Front 15

a fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody

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plasma B cell

Front 16

Who came up with the clonal selection theory?

Back 16

Frank Burnet

Front 17

a theory that explains the functions of cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system in response to specific antigens invading the body.

Back 17

Clonal selection theory

Front 18

Explain the clonal selection theory

Back 18

There are millions of B-cells and each one is committed to the production of a specific antibody. It holds on to its surface and is saying this is what I can produce. If stimulated it makes clones of itself. Some are T dependent and others are T independent. The correct B-cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells, and others are tucked away as memory cells.

Front 19

GO OVER DIAGRAM FOR B CELL

Back 19

!

Front 20

The adaptive immune system is the ____ line of defense

Back 20

3rd

Front 21

defenses that target a specific antigen

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adaptive immunity

Front 22

Adaptive immunity is acquired through ____ or ______

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infection, vaccine

Front 23

the first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

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primary response

Front 24

later interactions with the same foreign substance that is faster and more efficient due to memory

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secondary response

Front 25

anemnestic

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failure to forget

Front 26

Adaptive immunity that deals with the liquid portion of the blood

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humoral

Front 27

Adaptive immunity that deals with the direct participation of cells

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cellular immunity

Front 28

What are the two parts of the adaptive immune system

Back 28

cellular and humoral

Front 29

Humoral immunity

Back 29

fights invaders outside of the cells by producing antibodies that combat antigens (bacteria and toxins)

Front 30

cellular immunity

Back 30

attacks antigens found inside cells (viruses, fungi, parasites)

Front 31

lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow

Back 31

B-cells

Front 32

What type of lymphocyte is associated with humoral immunity?

Back 32

B-cells

Front 33

what type of lymphocyte is associated with cellular immunity?

Back 33

T-cells

Front 34

What is the job of B-cells?

Back 34

to recognize antigens and make antibodies

Front 35

What are b-cells named for?

Back 35

bursa of Fabricius in birds

Front 36

What is the job of T-cells?

Back 36

to recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells

Front 37

Where do T-cells mature

Back 37

the thymus

Front 38

what is terminal differentiation?

Back 38

Where cells get matured to do their specific job

Front 39

______ on the T cell surface contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

Back 39

T cell receptors

Front 40

T cells stimulate _____ and _______

Back 40

B-cells and macrophages

Front 41

True or false. Most T-cells are selected from the Thymus

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False. Most dont meet the qualifications

Front 42

What are the qualifications to be selected as a T-cell from the Thymus

Back 42

1. have to bind but not too tightly

Front 43

____ cells monitor and recognize bad cells and them a message to kill themselves (apoptosis)

Back 43

TC

Front 44

Cancer is associated with failure of ______.

Back 44

apoptosis

Front 45

What are the chemical messengers of immune cells?

Back 45

cytokines

Front 46

cytokines between leukocytes

Back 46

interleukins

Front 47

induce migration of leukocytes

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chemokines

Front 48

interere with viral infections of host cells

Back 48

Interferons

Front 49

What show were interferons named after?

Back 49

Flash Gordon

Front 50

involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

Back 50

Tumor necrosis factor

Front 51

control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

Back 51

hematopoietic cytokines

Front 52

the overproduction of cytokines leads to a ________

Back 52

cytokine storm

Front 53

Substances that cause the production of antibodies

Back 53

antigens

Front 54

Epitpoes

Back 54

on antigens; structures recognized by the surface of a TCR; what antibodies interact with on the antigen

Front 55

an antigen that is too small to provoke immune response unless it is attached to carrier molecules

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haptens

Front 56

hinge regions on ______ allow what to occur?

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antibodies; allow swivelling to occur

Front 57

How big are haptens?

Back 57

5-10,000 daltons in size

Front 58

Antibodies with ___ hands have a stronger binding

Back 58

2

Front 59

globular proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig)

Back 59

antibodies

Front 60

the number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody is ______

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valence

Front 61

_____ antibodies have two binding sites

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bivalent

Front 62

______ chains contribute more 2 antigen recognition that _____ chains.

Back 62

heavy, light

Front 63

opsonization

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coating in prep for phagocytosis

Front 64

Variable regions

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are at the ends of the arms; bind epitopes

Front 65

What kind of shape does 4 protein chains form?

Back 65

Y

Front 66

Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains are joined by _____ links

Back 66

disulfide

Front 67

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Back 67

MADEG

Front 68

The first milk a cow produces is called _______

Back 68

colostrum

Front 69

What is the major class of antibodies?

Back 69

IgG

Front 70

What antibody crosses the placenta and protects the fetus by using the mom's anitbodes as the baby's defense?

Back 70

IgG

Front 71

Where is IgG located in the body

Back 71

bood, lymph and intestines

Front 72

Which immunoglobulin is the biggest in size and is the most effective at fixing complement?

Back 72

IgM

Front 73

What is the first response to an infection, even though it is short lived

Back 73

IgM

Front 74

_____ is very high for IgM

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avidity

Front 75

Which Ig has low affinity until it goes though affinity maturation, then realizes it can get by using only 2 hands instead of 10, and goes through a class switch to IgG

Back 75

IgM

Front 76

Which class of antibodies is aka mucosal paint

Back 76

IgA

Front 77

Which class of antibodies has a high concentration in mucous

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IgA

Front 78

Which class of antibodies stimulates B cells in immune regulation

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IgD

Front 79

Which class of antibodies is a reagent, which means it causes allergies

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IgE

Front 80

Major histocompatibility complex

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In humoral immunity; where genes encode molecules on the cell surface

Front 81

Class I MHC

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1. on the membrane of all animal cells

2. identify "self"

3. alert the immune system to infected cells

Front 82

Class II MHC

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1. are on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC's)

2. these cells help initiate the immune process

3. are recognized by helper T cells

Front 83

Describe the process of the activation of B cells to produce antibodies

Back 83

1. B-cell receptors recognize and attach to antigen

2. antigen is internalized into the B-cell

3. fragments of the antigen are presented on MHC class II proteins on the surface of the cell

4. A T helper cell will recognize this antigen fragment is activated and release cytokines, activating the B-cell

5. The activated B-cell begins clonal expansion, producing an army of antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells

Front 84

Clonal deletion

Back 84

eliminate harmful B cells

Front 85

T-dependent antigen

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an antigen that requires a T helper cell to produce antibodies ; most are this way

Front 86

T-independent antigen

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1.stimulate the B cell without the help of T cells

2. Provoke a weak immune response, usually producing IgM

3. No memory cells generated

Front 87

antigen antibody complex

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form when antibodies bind to antigens

Front 88

affinity

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the strength of a an antigen-antibody complex bond

Front 89

How does a antigen-antibody complex protect the host

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by tagging foreign molecules or cells for destruction by:

1. agglutination

2. opsonization

3. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

4. neutralization

5. activation of the complement system

Front 90

cross linking of substances that aren't soluble

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agglutination

Front 91

prepping by priming for phagocytosis

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opsonization

Front 92

blocks adhesion and attachment to bad stuff

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neutralization

Front 93

____ cells combat intracellular pathogens

Back 93

T

Front 94

what are the requirements of T cells in thymic selection

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1. must be able to bind weakly to self components

2. must bind to foreign antigens

Front 95

too tight of a binding of T cells to self components causes what response?

Back 95

an autoimmune response

Front 96

Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal tract pass through _____ cells

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microfold

Front 97

microfold cells are located over ______ ______

Back 97

peyer's patches

Front 98

after pathogens pass through microfold cells, there is a transfer of antigens to lymphocytes and _______

Back 98

Antigen presenting cells

Front 99

What are the antigen presenting cells and what do they do?

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1. dendritic cells; engulf and degrade microbes and display them to T cells

2. macrophages; activated by cytokines and present antigen to T cells

Front 100

Resting vs. active macrophages

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resting are inactive, active are agressive

Front 101

Classes of T cells

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1. CD4+ (Helper T cells)

2. CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

Front 102

What cells does HIV go after?

Back 102

T helper cells

Front 103

T regulatory cells

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suppress T cells against self ; protect fetus

Front 104

_____ and ______ are too large to be phagocytized

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protozoans and helminths

Front 105

Secondary or memory response occurs after the _____ exposure to an antigen

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second

Front 106

antibody titer

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the relative amount of antibody in the serum

Front 107

active immunity

Back 107

naturally aquired

Front 108

passive immunity

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passed down from mother to child or given to someone else

Front 109

Naturally aquired immunity

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resulting from infection

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naturally aquired passive immunity

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transplacental or via colostrum

Front 111

artificially acquired active immunity

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ijection of vaccination

Front 112

artificially azquired passive immunity

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injection of antibodies

Front 113

antiserum

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blood-derived fluids containing antibodies

Front 114

the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

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serology

Front 115

serum proteins

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globulins

Front 116

serum fraction containing antibodies

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gamma globulin

Front 117

where do we get gamma globulin from

Back 117

horses

Front 118

antibody dependent cell-mediated toxicity

Back 118

used to kill things too large to be phagocytized