Micro - Chapter 14

Front 1

______, _______, _______, _______ are considered sterile.

Back 1

blood
muscle
bone
organs

Front 2

_____ immunity is routine protection.

Back 2

innate

Front 3

_____ immunity develops throughout life

Back 3

adaptive

Front 4

In adaptive immunity, _____ cause a response, and ____ are produced to bind to them.

Back 4

antigens
antibodies

Front 5

first line defenses are:
second line of defense:
third line of defense:

Back 5

barriers blocking entry
activation of sensor system
destruction of invaders

Front 6

physical barrier to invaders

Back 6

skin
mucous membranes

Front 7

the skin is difficult for invaders to penetrate because:

Back 7

there are many layers
repels water maintaining a dry environment (microbes need water)
skin is continually sloughed off along with microbes

Front 8

mucous membranes are found in the ____, ____, ____ tracts

Back 8

digestive
respiratory
genitourinary

Front 9

antimicrobial substances

Back 9

protect the skin and mucous membranes

Front 10

5 antimicrobial substances:

Back 10

salt
lysozyme
peroxidase enzymes
lactoferrin
defensins

Front 11

salt accumulates from

Back 11

perspiration

Front 12

antimicrobial substance that degrades peptidoglycan

Back 12

lysozyme

Front 13

antimicrobial substance that down hydrogen peroxide

Back 13

peroxidase enzymes

Front 14

antimicrobial substance that binds to iron

Back 14

lactoferrin

Front 15

antimicrobial substance that forms pores in microbial membranes

Back 15

defensins

Front 16

_____ competes with pathogens by ____, _____, ____. This is called _____.

Back 16

normal microbiota
covering binding sites
consuming available nutrients
competitive exclusion

Front 17

normal flora produce _____ in order to fight against pathogens.

Back 17

toxic compounds

Front 18

disruptions in the normal flora can predispose a person to _____.

Back 18

infections

Front 19

formation and development of cells in the immune system is called

Back 19

hematopoesis

Front 20

blood cells originate from

Back 20

hematopoetic stem cells

Front 21

hematopoetic stem cells are found in

Back 21

bone marrow

Front 22

hematopoetic stem cells are induced to develop by

Back 22

colony-stimulating factors

Front 23

hematopoetic cells ____ during infections

Back 23

increase

Front 24

3 general categories of blood cells

Back 24

erythrocytes
megakaryocytes
leukocytes

Front 25

platelets are also called

Back 25

megakaryocytes

Front 26

RBCs carry

Back 26

O2

Front 27

megakaryocytes are involved in

Back 27

clotting

Front 28

WBCs are important in

Back 28

host defenses

Front 29

4 types of leukocytes

Back 29

granulocytes
mononuclear phagocytes
dendritic cells
lymphocytes

Front 30

WBCs that contain cytoplasmic granules

Back 30

granulocytes

Front 31

neutrophils...

Back 31

engulf and destroy bacteria and other material

Front 32

basophils are involved in

Back 32

allergic reactions and inflammation

Front 33

_____ are similar to basophils and are found in the ____.

Back 33

mast cells
tissues

Front 34

eosinophils fight ____ and are also involved in _____

Back 34

parasitic worms
allergic reactions

Front 35

comprise mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

Back 35

mononuclear phagocytes

Front 36

mononuclear phagocytes include _____ that circulate in the blood

Back 36

monocytes

Front 37

dendritic cells that differentiate from monocytes

Back 37

macrophages

Front 38

mononuclear macrophages are often named after

Back 38

the location it is found in the body

Front 39

dendritic cells are _____ cells that function as ____

Back 39

sentinel
scouts

Front 40

the function of dendritic cells

Back 40

engulf material in tissues and bring it to cells of the adaptive immune system

Front 41

these cells are responsible for adaptive immunity

Back 41

lymphocytes

Front 42

3 types of granulocytes

Back 42

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

Front 43

3 types of lymphocytes

Back 43

B cells
T cells
natural killer cells

Front 44

lymphocytes that are highly specific in the recognition of antigens

Back 44

B cells
T cells

Front 45

these lymphocytes generally reside in the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues

Back 45

B cells
T cells

Front 46

these lymphocytes lack specificity

Back 46

natural killer cells

Front 47

serve as the eyes and ears of the cells

Back 47

surface receptors

Front 48

surface receptors usually span the

Back 48

membrane, connecting the inside to outside

Front 49

surface receptors bind to specific _____ and induces a response

Back 49

ligand

Front 50

allow the cells to adhere to other cells

Back 50

adhesion molecules

Front 51

the voices of the cells

Back 51

cytokines

Front 52

these are produced by the cell, diffuse to others, bind to appropriate ____ to induce changes such as growth, differentiation, movement, and cell death

Back 52

cytokines
cytokine receptors

Front 53

cytokines act at ___ concentrations

Back 53

low

Front 54

chemotaxis of immune cells

Back 54

chemokines

Front 55

multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes

Back 55

colony-stimulating factors

Front 56

control of viral infections; regulation of inflammatory response

Back 56

interferons

Front 57

produced by leukocytes; important in innate and adaptive immunity

Back 57

interleukins

Front 58

inflammation; apoptosis

Back 58

tumor necrosis factor

Front 59

detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that see signs of microbial invasion

Back 59

pattern recognition receptors

Front 60

pattern recognition receptors can also detect:

Back 60

MAMPs (microbe associated)
DAMPs (danger associated)

Front 61

DAMPs indicate

Back 61

host cell damage

Front 62

anchored in membranes of sentinel cells

Back 62

toll like receptors

Front 63

cells that see PAMPs in extracellular environment, others in phagosomal or endosomals membranes of ingested material; characterize ingested material

Back 63

toll like receptors

Front 64

after toll like receptors detect PAMPs...

Back 64

a signal is transmitted to the nucleus

Front 65

when the toll like receptors detect PAMPs and a signal is transmitted to the nucleus, this induces

Back 65

gene expression

Front 66

found in the cytoplasm that detect bacterial components indicating the cell has been breach; some detect damage

Back 66

NOD like receptors (NLRs)

Front 67

unleash a series of events to protect the host and sometimes at the expense of the host

Back 67

NLRs

Front 68

some NLRs join cytoplasmic proteins to form an

Back 68

inflammasome

Front 69

activates an inflammatory response

Back 69

inflammasome

Front 70

found in the cytoplasm that detect viral RNA indicating infection and produce interferons

Back 70

RIG like receptors (RLRs)

Front 71

often has three phosphates at the 5' end

Back 71

RLRs

Front 72

RLRs are often ____ stranded

Back 72

double

Front 73

____ cause neighboring cells to express inactive antiviral proteins

Back 73

interferons

Front 74

RLRs are activated by ____ to degrade ____, stop ____, and undergo ____.

Back 74

dsRNA
mRNA
protein synthesis
apoptosis

Front 75

proteins circulating in the blood and bathing tissues

Back 75

complement system

Front 76

complement system proteins are named in the order of discovery:

Back 76

C1 - C9

Front 77

complement proteins can split into ____

Back 77

fragments ie C3a, C3b

Front 78

complements system is activated by

Back 78

three different pathways that lead to the formation of C3 convertase, which splits C3

Front 79

triggered when C3b binds to foreign cell surfaces

Back 79

alternative pathway

Front 80

pattern recognition molecules bind to mannose of microbial cells and interact with complement system components

Back 80

lectin pathway

Front 81

activated by antibodies bound to antigen, which interact with complement system

Back 81

classical pathway

Front 82

C3b binds to bacterial cells and foreign particles, allows phagocytes to engulf more easily

Back 82

opsonization

Front 83

C5a attracts phagocytes to area. ____ and ____ increase the permeability of the blood vessels and induce ____ to release _____.

Back 83

inflammatory response
C3a, C5a
mast cells, cytokines

Front 84

formed by proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 molecules assembling in the cell membranes of gram negatives

Back 84

lysis of foreign cells: membrane attack complexes

Front 85

____ prevents host cells from activating

Back 85

regulation

Front 86

molecules in host cell membranes bind ____ that inactivate ___, preventing ____ or ____.

Back 86

regulatory proteins
C3b
opsonization
triggering an alternative pathway

Front 87

____ engulf and digest material and pathogens

Back 87

phagocytes

Front 88

6 steps to phagocytosis

Back 88

chemotaxis
recognition and attachment
engulfment
phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation
destruction and digestion
exocytosis

Front 89

phagocytes recruited by chemoattractants

Back 89

chemotaxis

Front 90

receptors bind to mannose

Back 90

direct recognition and attachment

Front 91

receptors bind to opsonins

Back 91

indirect recognition and attachment

Front 92

pseudopods surround and form a phagosome

Back 92

engulfment

Front 93

endosomes fuse and lower the pH (acidic environment); lysosomes bring in hydrolytic enzymes

Back 93

phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation

Front 94

toxic ROS and nitric oxide is produced; pH decreases; enzymes degrade; defensins damage membrane of invader; lactoferrin ties up iron

Back 94

destruction and digestion

Front 95

vesicle fuses with cytoplasm and expels remains

Back 95

exocytosis

Front 96

_____ are scavengers and sentries

Back 96

macrophages

Front 97

phagocytize dead cells, debris, and destroy invaders

Back 97

macrophages

Front 98

live for weeks to months; regenerate lysosomes

Back 98

macrophages

Front 99

macrophages are always ____ and can ____.

Back 99

present in tissues
call for reinforcements

Front 100

____ on surfaces of macrophages and in phagosomes can detect invaders. ____ are produced in response.

Back 100

TLRs
cytokines

Front 101

macrophages can become ____ to increase power

Back 101

activated macrophages

Front 102

one mechanism of activated macrophages involves ___ (adaptive immunity)

Back 102

T cells

Front 103

If the activated macrophages using T cells is insufficient, then macrophages can fuse to form

Back 103

giant cells

Front 104

macrophages, giant cells, and T cells form

Back 104

granulomas

Front 105

wall off and retain organisms or material resistant to destruction

Back 105

granulomas

Front 106

prevent escape but interfere with normal tissue function

Back 106

granuloma

Front 107

act as a rapid response team; move into the area and eliminate invaders

Back 107

neutrophils

Front 108

have a critical role in early stages of inflammation

Back 108

neutrophils

Front 109

neutrophils are first to be recruited from the ____ to the ____.

Back 109

bloodstream
site of damage

Front 110

more powerful than macrophages but have a shorter life span

Back 110

neutrophils

Front 111

neutrophils die once the ____ are used

Back 111

granules

Front 112

neutrophils kill microbes via

Back 112

phagocytosis

Front 113

tissue damage results in

Back 113

inflammation

Front 114

the purpose of inflammation is: (4)

Back 114

contain site of damage
localize response
eliminate invader
restore tissue function

Front 115

____ trigger inflammation

Back 115

pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, NLRs)

Front 116

pattern recognition receptors detect ___ and ___ in inflammation

Back 116

PAMPs
DAMPs

Front 117

host cells release inflammatory mediators (3)

Back 117

cytokines
histamine
bradykinin

Front 118

inducers of inflammatory response: (2)

Back 118

microbes
tissue damage

Front 119

in the inflammatory response, if blood vessels are damaged, then

Back 119

two enzymatic cascades are activated which lead to coagulation and increased permeability

Front 120

6 events in the inflammatory response:

Back 120

dilation of blood vessels
migration of leukocytes from bloodstream to tissues
clotting factors wall off the site of infection
accumulation of pus
acute inflammation
chronic inflammation

Front 121

dilation of the blood vessels allow for ____ and ____.

Back 121

greater blood flow (heat and redness)
slower flow rate

Front 122

in the migration of leukocytes, ____ grab phagocytes and slow them down. ___ squeeze between the cells of the vessel.

Back 122

endothelial cells
phagocytes

Front 123

phagocytes squeeze between the cells in the vessel

Back 123

diapedesis

Front 124

pus is an accumulation of

Back 124

dead neutrophils and tissue debris

Front 125

short term inflammation in which macrophages clean up damage by ingesting dead cells and debris

Back 125

acute

Front 126

long term inflammation in which macrophages, giant cells accumulate, and granulomas form

Back 126

chronic

Front 127

a damaging effect of the inflammatory response is that ___ and ___ from phagocytic cells are released and damage tissues.

Back 127

enzymes
toxic compounds

Front 128

a programmed cell death that does not trigger an inflammatory response

Back 128

apoptosis

Front 129

if pattern recognition receptors are triggered, the cell may undergo cell death with inflammatory response

Back 129

pyroptosis

Front 130

a strong indicator of infectious disease, especially bacterial

Back 130

fever

Front 131

temperature regulation center in the brain normally hold at ___ C but raises during infection in response to ____

Back 131

37
pyrogens

Front 132

cytokines produced by macrophages following detection of microbial products by TLRs are

Back 132

endogenous pyrogens

Front 133

pyrogens produced by microbes

Back 133

exogenous pyrogens

Front 134

growth rates of bacteria optimized for 37C typically drop sharply when temperature goes over 37C, this allows

Back 134

more time for body defenses

Front 135

moderate temperature rise increases the rate of

Back 135

enzymes

Front 136

6 effects of fevers:

Back 136

enhances inflammatory response
phagocytic killing by leukocytes
multiplication of lymphocytes
release of attractants for neutrophils
production of interferons and antibodies
release of leukocytes from bone marrow

Front 137

increase fever ____ microbe proteins

Back 137

denature