Micro Chapter 13

Front 1

Normalmicrobiota

Back 1

harmless bacteria found on or in our bodies. also protects the body by occupyingplaces that pathogens might occupy.

Front 2

True pathogens

Back 2

capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

Front 3

Opportunistic pathogens

Back 3

cause disease only when host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

Front 4

portalof entry

Back 4

the route a pathogen takes to enter a host. like the mucous membranes, skin, open wounds

Front 5

leukocidins

Back 5

toxic to white blood cells

Front 6

Virulence factors

Back 6

to invade and colonize host, may cause tissue damage, severity of disease

Front 7

Exoenzymes

Back 7

dissolve barriers, penetrate cells

Front 8

Toxigenicity

Back 8

produce toxins at the site of multiplication

Front 9

Endotoxin

Back 9

released after the cell is damaged

Front 10

Exotoxin

Back 10

toxin secreted by living bacterial cell into tissue

Front 11

Incubationperiod

Back 11

the time initial contact to first symptoms

Front 12

Prodromalstage

Back 12

vague feelings of discomfort

Front 13

Period of invasion

Back 13

multiplies at high levels; more specific signs and symptoms

Front 14

Convalescent period

Back 14

responding to the infection, symptoms decline

Front 15

Acute infection

Back 15

comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Front 16

Chronic infections

Back 16

progress and persist over a long period of time

Front 17

Septicemia

Back 17

microbes multiplying in blood, present in large numbers

Front 18

Bacteremia

Back 18

small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying

Front 19

Viremia

Back 19

small number of viruses present not necessarily multiplying

Front 20

Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections

Back 20

infected, but host shows few signs of disease

Front 21

Latency

Back 21

the microbe is hidden and can become active and produce a recurring disease

Front 22

Reservoir

Back 22

primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world Human or animal carrier, soil, water, plants

Front 23

Source

Back 23

individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

Front 24

Directtransmission

Back 24

through the bite, saliva, scratch, etc of the infected animal.

Front 25

Vectortransmission

Back 25

insects or ticks transmit disease through saliva glands

Front 26

Biologicalvectors

Back 26

actively participate in a pathogen’s life cycle

Front 27

Mechanical vector

Back 27

transports microbe without being infected

Front 28

Nosocomial infection

Back 28

diseasesthat are acquired or developed during a hospital stay

Front 29

Epidemiology

Back 29

Thestudy of the frequency and distribution of disease

Front 30

Prevalence

Back 30

total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population

Front 31

Incidence

Back 31

measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population

Front 32

Mortality rate

Back 32

the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

Front 33

Morbidity rate

Back 33

number of people afflicted with a certain disease

Front 34

Endemic

Back 34

steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic area

Front 35

Sporadic

Back 35

occasional cases at irregular intervals

Front 36

Epidemic

Back 36

when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected

Front 37

Pandemic

Back 37

epidemic across continents