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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is sterilization?
the destruction of all microbial life, including viruses and endospores
What does disinfection do?
destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces
What is antisepsis?
destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on a living surface
What is decontamination?
the mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface
When does decontamination take place? and Give an example?
Used when actual sterilization isn’t needed but need to decrease the risk of infection or spoilage (ex. food industry)
What is sanitization?
any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms to reduce contamination to safe levels
Give an example of sanitizer
compound such as soap or detergent
What does suffix -cide mean?
to kill
What is a germicide and microbicide?
chemical agents that kill microorganisms
What is a bacteriacide?
chemical that destroys bacteria (not endospores)
What is fungicide?
a chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts
Virucide
a chemical that inactivates viruses
Sporicide
can destroy bacterial endospores
Stasis and static definition:
to stand still
Bacteristatic
prevent the growth of bacteria
Fungistatic
inhibit fungal growth
Primary targets of microbial growth
microorganisms that can cause infection or spoilage that are constantly present in the external environme
Highest resistence
Bacterial endospores; prions
Moderate resistance
Protozoan cysts, fungal sexual spores, naked viruses, resistant vegetative bacteria
Least resistance
Most bacterial vegetative cells, fungal spores, enveloped viruses, yeasts, protozoan trophozoites
Factors that Influence the Action of Antimicrobial Agents
- number of microorganisms
-nature of the microorganisms in the population
-temperature and pH of the environment
-concentration of the agent
-mode of action of the agent
-presence of solvents, interfering organic matter, and inhibitors
3 Modes of Action for Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Binding to ribosomes to stop translation
Bind irreversibly to DNA preventing transcription and translation
Mutagenic agents
Autoclave
-Steam under pressure
-Pressure raises the temperature of steam
-Kills endospores
Pasteurization definition
Heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage, while retaining the liquid’s flavor and food value
What is the most efficient pressure-temp combination for sterilization?
Most efficient pressure-temperature combination for sterilization: 15 psi which yields 121°C
What is flash method for pasteurization?
expose to 71.6°C for 15 seconds
What is batch method for pasteurization?
expose to 63°C to 66°C for 30 minutes
What real life purpose does pasteurization serve?
used to disinfect beverages
What does pasteurization not kill?
endospores or thermoduric microbes
What does boiling water do?
Kills vegetative bacteria and fungal pathogens, almost all viruses within 10 minutes
Some survivors of boiling waterm and for how long?
endospores (20hrs), some viruses (Hepatitis – 30 min.)
What is the rate for dry ovens?
Exposure to 150°C to 180°C for 2 to 4 hours
What id a dry oven used for?
Used for heat-resistant items that do not sterilize well with moist heat
Why does the dry oven work?
The heat in water is more readily transferred to a cool object than is the heat in air.
What is dessication?
dehydration of vegetative cells when directly exposed to normal room air
What is Lyophillization
a combination of freezing and drying; used to preserve microorganisms and other cells in a viable state for many years
What can freezing do?
perserve cultures
cold does not do what?
kill most microbes
What is radiation?
energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space
Radiation for microbial control
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet radiation
Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation
200-300 nm
Ultraviolet radiation has what kind of penetrating power?
poor
What happens to mutations in ultraviolet radiation?
they are induced
What are tinctures
solutions dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures
Examples of Halogen Microbial Agents
Fluorine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine
Examples of chlorine compounds?
liquid and gaseous chlorine, hypochlorites, chloramines, household bleach
What do chlorine compounds do?
Kills bacteria, fungi, viruses and endospores
Examples of iodine compounds
Topical antiseptic, betadine
What do phenol and phenolics do?
Disrupts cell membrane and denatures enzymes
What is rarely used due to irritation?
phenol
What do phenolics do?
kills wide range of microbes, remains active in the presence of organics, used primarily to disinfect surfaces (Lysol®)
Where are bisphenols found?
found in hand soaps and skin lotions (Triclosan)
What do bisphenols do?
kills wide range of microbes
What do Chlorhexidines target?
cell membranes and protein structure
3 characteristics of Chlorhexidine
Mild, low toxicity, rapid action
What alcohols are suitable for microbial control?
Only ethyl and isopropyl alcohols
What does alcohol destroy
resistant vegetative forms
What does alcohol not kill at room temp?
bacterial spores
Drawbacks of using metals in microbial control
-very toxic to humans
-cause allergic reactions
-Large quantities of biological fluids and wastes neutralize their actions
-Microbes can develop resistance to them
What do Aldehydes do?
denature proteins
What effect does very low or high ph levels do?
destroy or inhibit microbial cells