Micro Chapter 11

Front 1

Archaea

Back 1

No peptidoglycan

No known pathogens

Contains extremophiles..i.e, thermophiles, and halophiles

Methonogens

Front 2

Thermophiles

Back 2

Heat

Hot springs

Ocean vents

Applications=detergents

Front 3

Halophiles

Back 3

Salt

Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea

Solar evaporation ponds

-are often pigmented

-pigments protect halophiles from solar light

Front 4

Spore forming and Gram+ (2 of these)

Back 4

Bacillus

Clostridium

Front 5

Important species of Clostridium (4)

Back 5

C. tetani

C. perfringens

C. botulinum

C. difficile

Front 6

C. Perfringens

Back 6

-Gas gangrene

-Food poisioning

-Spores can be centrally located and subterminal w/o swelling

-Spores not destroyed by cooking

-Non fatal/24 hr gastroenteritis

Front 7

-Gram stain

-Produces enzymes and toxins which spread to alive surrounding cells killing them

-Decompose dead tissues for serious tissue injuries

- sources: warmed up food, crock pot food

Back 7

C. perfringens

Front 8

Non spore forming (3)

Back 8

-Corynebacterium diphtheriae

-Listeria monocytogenes

-Lactobacillus ssp (aretolerant)

Front 9

What has mycolic acid cell walls

Back 9

Mycobacterium

Front 10

Why are mycolic cells walls important to this pathogen

Back 10

- enables resistance to drying

-Energy expensive=slow growth

-makes it difficukt to gram stain

.......HAS TO BE ACID FAST STAIN

Front 11

Methanogens

Back 11

…are obligate anaerobes

…convert carbon dioxide (with hydrogen available) to methane

…are the largest group of Archaea

Front 12

Spore

Back 12

....is Not a reproductive structure for bacteria

…Is resistant to heat, drying, radiation, antiseptics, etc.

Front 13

Fragmentation

Back 13

....occurs with cyanobacteria

…parent maintains original shape

…offspring/ some filament

... is motile, & glides away

Front 14

Budding

Back 14

Parent has outgrowth

…outgrowth gets copy of parential DNA

…Outgrowth enlarges

…Outgrowth breaks off & is new Daughter cell

…(Daughter cell is smaller than the parent at this time, but increases in size)

Front 15

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Back 15

snapping division

Front 16

SporeFormation

Back 16

..1) DNA is replicated

…cell elongates

..2) Cell membrane forms & separates elongated cell into 2 sections DNA

..3)Vegetative cell DNA disintegrates (in ‘parent’)

..4) Within forming spore,

…Cortex forms

…(ie., calcium & dipicolinic acid are depositied between the

…forming spore’s 2 cell membranes)

…Cortex becomes thespore Coat

..5) old form/ vegetative cell dissolves

Front 17

Halobacterium

Back 17

…uses proton gradient (produces ATP), to rotate flagella

…uses flagella to attain correct depth for light absorption for microbe

Front 18

Classification for bacteria is based on what manual

Back 18

Bergey’s Manuals

Front 19

Deinococcus

Back 19

...Very resistant to radiation

..has internal high level of Manganese

..Mn level protects cell DNA repair proteins

Gram Positive

Front 20

Phototrophic bacteria (best known ones Are the green and purple, but not all are)

Back 20

…are photosynthetic

…do Not generate O2 during photosynthesis (as a plant would)

…have different chlorophyll thanplants

…live in muds rich in H2S – use that H2S as energy source (not for plants)

…deposit S as their waste

Front 21

Bacteria with Low G+C ratio (less than 50%)

Back 21

Bacillus

Clostridium

(Veillonella)

Mycoplasmas

Front 22

Bacillus anthracis

Back 22

is in soil & pastures (where animals are)

Front 23

2 Forms for anthrax

Back 23

..1) cutaneous (cut on skin) = 20% fatal

..2) inhalational (breath into lungs) = 100% fatal

Front 24

Bacillus thuringiensis

Back 24

…produces Bt toxin

…Bt toxin aids farmers & gardeners

…Bt is toxic to caterpillars

Front 25

Bacillussp. & Antiobiotics

Back 25

Bacillus polymyxa = polymyxin in topical cream

Bacillus licheniformis = bacitracin in topical cream

Front 26

Aquifex

Back 26

believe is earliest branch of bacteria

Front 27

Are Deeply Branching Bacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs

Back 27

autotrophs

Front 28

Deeply Branching Bacteria

Back 28

Are considered to be the 1st bacteria of the ‘tree of life’/ oldest form

Lived in old Earth type environment

..means in lived in – hot, acidic, anaerobic, intense uv world

Front 29

Veillonella

Back 29

( are closely related to the Clostridia sp.)

Are anaerobic cocci

Are part of dental plaque

Front 30

Clostridium tetanic

Back 30

Tetanus

Lock Jaw

Paralysis

Front 31

Clostridium perfringens

Back 31

Gangrene

Front 32

Clostridium botulinum

Back 32

Botulism

Front 33

Clostridium difficile

Back 33

severe diarrhea (often due to over antibiotic treatments)

Front 34

What has a Gram + Cell Wall, but stain Gram negative

Back 34

Veillonella

Front 35

Mycobacterium(rods) (Name 2 Pathogens)

Back 35

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium leprae

Front 36

Clostridium species

Back 36

Spore producer

Produce toxins

Obligate anaerobes

Front 37

Campylobacter

Back 37

Causes blood poisoning

Causes inflammation of the intestinal tract

Front 38

Helicobacter

Back 38

Causes ulcers

Researcher had difficult time overcoming traditional knowledge
(ie., due to acidity, there can be no bacteria in the stomach)

Front 39

Chlamydia

Back 39

Are very small (can be smaller than some viruses)

Are obligate, intracellular parasites (live & reproduce inside host cells,only)

Cause neonatal blindness

Are most common US sexually transmitted disease

Front 40

Spirochetes

Back 40

The entire cell turns/corkscrews through the environment

Are in the human mouth, the ocean, in the soil

Pathogens =Treponema & Borrelia

Front 41

Treponema Pallidum

Back 41

Syphillis

Front 42

Borrelia

Back 42

Lyme Disease

Front 43

Bacteroids,

Back 43

Are strict anaerobes

Over 30% of the bacteria isolated from human feces = Bacteroids

Are most common anaerobic pathogen (infections in abdomen, pelvis, blood)

(Example, gunshot or stab wounds,move bacteria to places they don’t belong & thus, infect)

Front 44

Bdellovirbrio

Back 44

Are pathogens of Gram negative bacteria

Have unique reproduction

Brief points – bdellovibrio drills into the periplasmic space of G – bacteria

(Only, the Gram negative bacteria have that periplasmic space)

Front 45

Myxobacteria

Back 45

Live in soil

Also have aunique life cycle

…If plenty of nutrients = vegetative cells

…Few nutrients = change & reproductive cycle ie.,

..cells aggregate & form a mound

..the mound differentiates to form fruiting body

..the fruiting body forms at the top end the myxospores

..myxospores spread by water & air (can survive decades, of low nutrients)

Front 46

Epsilonproteobacteria

Back 46

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

Front 47

Cause of Legionnaire’s disease

Back 47

microbe grew in AC condensate waters

Microbe obtains energy from amino acids

..(Realize, amino acids are very much available, inside the environment of the host cells

Front 48

Gram NegativeGammaproteobacteria

Back 48

Intracellular Pathogens

Methane Oxidizers

Purple Sulfur

Facultative Anaerobes

Pseudomonads

Front 49

Bacteria with HighG+C ratio

Back 49

Mycobacterium (rods = bacilli)

Cornybacterium

Actinomycetes

Front 50

Betaproteobacteria

Back 50

Neisseria

Bordetella

Zoogloea

Sphaerotilus

Front 51

..sequester rmethane within the ocean sediments

..methane produced in sewage plants & landfills, can be burned for energy

Back 51

Methanogens

Front 52

Actinomycetes

Back 52

Actinomyces, Streptomyces, Nocardia

Are Filamentous bacteria

Front 53

Extremophiles( group)

Back 53

Thermophiles

Halophiles

Methanogens

Front 54

Cytophaga

Back 54

relate to environment

Are gliding bacteria

Can digest complex polysaccharides

..(ie., agar, chitin, pectin (jelly) & cellulose/ can digest wooden piers & boats)

Help break down sewage

Front 55

Pseudomonads

Back 55

Are aerobic, flagellated bacteria

Use the Entner-Douderoff & Pentose Phosphate pathways

Known for ability to break down organic compounds

Front 56

Groups= Enterobacteriaceae,

Back 56

..i) Enterobacteriaceae (are oxidase ),

Escherichia

Enterobacter

Proteus

Serratia

Salmonella

Shigella

Klebsiella

Yersinia

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Pathogen for Pseudomonas can cause

Back 57

swimmer’sears

urinary tract infections

Front 58

Pathogenic relationship (or human problems with) Pseudomonas

Back 58

Spoil milk, eggs, meat in the refrigerator

Can grow at 4 C

Front 59

Environmental aspects of Pseudomonas

Back 59

Are soil dwelling bacteria

Can be free-living N2 fixers

Examples= Azotobacter

Azomonas

Front 60

Gram Negative Proteobacteria

Back 60

Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilongroupings

Front 61

Proteus

Back 61

…urinary tract infections

Front 62

Enterobacter and Serratia

Back 62

Usually no problem

Front 63

Deltaproteobacteria

Back 63

Desulfovibrio

Bdellovirbrio

Myxobacteria

Front 64

Escherichia

Back 64

… can cause gastroenteritis, usually quiet resident of intestine

Front 65

Snapping division

Back 65

Cell deposited inside

Cell wall thickens

As cell wall thickens = stress on outer cell wall

Outer cell wall snaps apart

Remnant of outer cell wall acts as Hinge

Hinge holds daughter cells together

Front 66

Yersinia

Back 66

…black death = plague

Front 67

Klebsiella

Back 67

…can cause pneumonia

Front 68

Shigella

Back 68

…shigellosis (severe diarrhea)

Front 69

Salmonella

Back 69

…enteritis (food poisoning)

Front 70

Classification of bacteria occurs in multi-level methods (Name 2)

Back 70

..1) Some bacteria classified by 16S rRNA sequences

..2) Some bacteria classified by series of observations & biochemical tests

..(for example, the Gram Stain, morphology, methyl red test, etc.)

Front 71

Groupings for cells = V shape (due to snapping division), & palisades

Contain Metachromatic Granules

..(are inclusion bodies of PO4)

..(help in identifying this microbe)

Back 71

Corynebacterium

Front 72

Actinomyces israelii

Back 72

Pathogen

is opportunistic pathogen

can destroy tissue & consume internal organs

Front 73

Streptomyces– 2 Applications

Back 73

Health & Environmental

Front 74

Health relevance of Streptomyces

Back 74

Streptomyces produce....

tetracycline

Erythromycin

Chloramphenicol (antibiotics).

Front 75

Environmental relevance of Streptomyces

Back 75

are microbes that can degrade recalcitrant parts of soil

..ie., degrade

..cellulose

..Lignin(the woody part of the plant)

..Chitin(shells of insects, & crustaceans: lobster,..)

generate the odor associated with wet soil

Front 76

Pertussis …

Back 76

…is on the increase due to no vaccinations (skipped/avoided)

…is spread via air droplets (cough)

...cough can be so severe that ribs can be broken, vomiting occurs, urination

Front 77

Acetobacter& Gluconobacter – used to make what?

Back 77

Vinegar

Front 78

) Neisseria= Gram negative diplococcic

Causes …

Back 78

…gonorrhea

…inflammation of the cervix,pharynx, lining of the eye, meningitis

Lives in themembranes of animals

Front 79

Bordetella

Causes

Back 79

pertussis (whopping cough)

Front 80

Alphaproteobacteria

Back 80

Often have prosthecae

…prosthecae are for attachment

…bacterium can bud off the prosthecae (1 way to reproduce)

Front 81

Pathogenic species of Alphaproteoacteria

Back 81

Rickettsia

Brucella

Front 82

Rickettsia

Back 82

Causes typhus & Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Are obligate, intracellular parasites (ie., live & reproduce within mammalian cells)

Cannot use glucose, thus use aminos acids & molecules from Krebs cycle for metabolism

Front 83

Brucella

Back 83

Causes brucellosis

..triggers abortion in animals

..No abortion in humans, but causes sickness

Able to survive phagocytosis by wbc

Front 84

B) Environmentally related species for Alphaproteoacteria

Back 84

Agrobacteria

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

Front 85

Agrobacteria

Back 85

These bacteria form the galls on plants (masses on trees)

Gallformation due to Ti Plasmid

…Ti plasmid from bacterium, inserts self into plant chromosome

..Ti contains gene for plant growth hormone

..Ti plasmid thus codes for/causes proliferation of plant cells in the gall area

..from association with plant,bacteria gain more nutrients in gall

Application for Ti = Ti plasmid can be vectorfor carrying genes into p

Front 86

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

2 Examples =

Back 86

...Azospirillum (free living bacteria, found in seagrasses)

…Rhizobium (symbiont in plant roots)

Front 87

Rhizobium

Back 87

…root nodule symbiosis

…symbiotic with beans, peas, clover

…bacterium replenishes soil withneeded nitrogen.

Front 88

Coxiella

Back 88

Is anacidophile

Grows wellin phagolysosome of the wbc (where there is a low pH)

Front 89

Unique life cycle of chlamydia

Back 89

Unique lifecycle =

…in host cells, forms ReticulateBodies

…Reticulate Body divides; fills uphost cell

…Inside host cell, Reticulate Bodychanges to form called the Elementary Body

…Elementary Bodies are resistant todrying, due to bonds, between the 2 membranes

…Elementary Bodies = the infectiousfrom, & infect the next host cell