Micro Chapter 10

Front 1

phylogenetic relationships

Back 1

how organisms are naturally related to one another

Front 2

has helped majorly in discovering how things are related

Back 2

molecular probes

Front 3

used to trace the descendants of organisms that are closely related

Back 3

molecular clocks

Front 4

Fibrinopeptides are an example of a _______ mutations

Back 4

neutral

Front 5

what are two examples of mutations that are not neutral

Back 5

rRNA and histone proteins

Front 6

if you look at organisms that diverged recently, you can get insight into how long ago they diverged by looking at things such as

Back 6

fibrinopeptides or other neutral molecular clocks

Front 7

when looking at organisms that diverged long ago, you can use a molecular clock such as _______ or ________ that are not neutral

Back 7

rRNA or histone proteins

Front 8

how was the arachaean domain identified?

Back 8

molecular clocks

Front 9

what was the specific molecular clock that identified Archaens seperate from bacteria

Back 9

16sRNA

Front 10

Who developed the 5 kingdom system

Back 10

Whittaker

Front 11

what are the 3 domains?

Back 11

Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea

Front 12

What domain used to dominate the planet?

Back 12

Archaea

Front 13

what are the 3 archaeans

Back 13

methanogens, halophiles, and hyperthermophiles

Front 14

who was a major contributer in recognizing the difference in bacteria and archaea

Back 14

Ralph Wolfe

Front 15

What type of cell do archaeans have?

Back 15

prokaryotic

Front 16

what type of cell wall do Archean have

Back 16

varying in composition, but not peptidoglycan

Front 17

What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for Archaeans

Back 17

methioinine

Front 18

Do Archaeans have antibiotic sensitivity?

Back 18

no

Front 19

Do Archaeans have an rRNA loop?

Back 19

no

Front 20

What type of cells do Bacteria have?

Back 20

prokaryotic

Front 21

What type of cell wall do bacteria have

Back 21

peptidoglycan

Front 22

what are the membrane lipids of bacteria composed of?

Back 22

straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Front 23

what are the membrane lipids of archaeans composed of

Back 23

branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage

Front 24

what is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for bacteria

Back 24

formylmethionine

Front 25

Do bacteria have antibiotic sensitivity

Back 25

yes

Front 26

do bacteria have an rRNA loop?

Back 26

yes

Front 27

What cell type are Eukarya?

Back 27

eukaryotic

Front 28

what do the cell walls of eukarya contain

Back 28

carbohydrates

Front 29

What is the membrane lipids composed of in Eukarya

Back 29

straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Front 30

First amino acid in protein synthesis for eukarya?

Back 30

methionine

Front 31

do eukarya have antibiotic sensitivity?

Back 31

no

Front 32

Do eukarya have an rRNA loop?

Back 32

no

Front 33

states that organelles at one time were free living bacteria until they became associated with a mother cell

Back 33

endosymbiont hypothesis

Front 34

who came up with the endosymbiont hypothesis

Back 34

Lynn Margules

Front 35

killer/kappa particles that when examined we realized are bacteria?

Back 35

parameciam

Front 36

a population of cells with similar characteristics

Back 36

prokaryotic species

Front 37

genetically different cells within a clone with minor variations

Back 37

strain

Front 38

Which domains are prokaryotic

Back 38

Archaea and Bacteria

Front 39

catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic (Eukaryotic)

Back 39

protista

Front 40

What are the 3 kingdoms of more complex eukaryotic organisms?

Back 40

Fungi, Plantae, and animalia

Front 41

1. chemoheterotrophic

2. unicellular or multicellular

3. cell walls made of chitin

4. develop from spores of hyphal fragments

Back 41

Fungi

Front 42

1. multicellular

2. cellulose cell walls

3. undergo photosynthesis

Back 42

plantae

Front 43

1. multicellular

2. no cell wall

3. chemoheterotrophic

Back 43

animilliae

Front 44

what are tricky to classify and often the host range is used or with antibodies or ecological niche

Back 44

viruses

Front 45

not part of any domain, not composed of cells, requires a host cell

Back 45

viruses

Front 46

provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

Back 46

Bergey's manual of Determinitive Bacteriology

Front 47

used to note types of specimens collected and tests to be conducted

Back 47

Lab requisition forms

Front 48

used to collect and transport pathogens to a labratory

Back 48

transport media

Front 49

useful for identifying Eukaryotes, but tell little about phylogenetic relationships

Back 49

morphological characteristics

Front 50

gram-staining, acid-fast staining. Not useful for bacteria without cell walls. Most common

Back 50

Differential staining

Front 51

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

Back 51

biochemical tests

Front 52

perform several biochemical tests simultaneously and the results of each test is assigned a number

Back 52

rapid-identification methods

Front 53

the science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

Back 53

serology

Front 54

a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacteria

Back 54

anti-serum

Front 55

bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produces in response to the bacteria

Back 55

slide agglutination test

Front 56

can differentiate between species and strains within species

Back 56

serological testing

Front 57

known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well and a reaction identifies the bacteria

Back 57

ELISA

Front 58

identifies antibodies in patients serum; confirms HIV infection

Back 58

western blotting

Front 59

a test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to

Back 59

phage typeing

Front 60

on a plate, clearings called plaques appear where phages infect and lyse bacterial cells

Back 60

phage typing

Front 61

fatty acid methyl esters provide profiles that are constant for a particular species

Back 61

FAME

Front 62

uses differences in electrical conductivity between species or flourescence

Back 62

flow cytometry

Front 63

used to separate different samples of cells quickly

Back 63

flow cytometry

Front 64

taxonomists use this to draw conclusions about relatedness

Back 64

DNA Base Composition

Front 65

how is DNA base composition expressed

Back 65

percentage of guanine plus cytosine (G + C)

Front 66

if two organisms are closely related they will have similar amounts of ________

Back 66

various bases

Front 67

electrophoresis of restriction enzymes digests of an organisms DNA, comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences

Back 67

DNA Fingerprinting

Front 68

use of PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that can't be cultured

Back 68

NAAT

Front 69

measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism

Back 69

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Front 70

the greater degree of hybridization =

Back 70

a greater degree

Front 71

uses nucleic acid hybridization to identify unknown microbes using DNA probes

Back 71

southern blotting

Front 72

what are DNA chips also known as

Back 72

microray

Front 73

contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample- detected by fluorescence

Back 73

DNA chips

Front 74

used to determine the phylogenetic relationship among organisms by rRNA sequencing

Back 74

ribotyping

Front 75

fluorescent DNA or RNA probes stain the microorganisms being targeted and determines the identity, abundance, and relative activity of microorganisms in an environment

Back 75

FISH

Front 76

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology differs from Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in that the former

Back 76

groups bacteria according to phylogenetic relationships

Front 77

Bacillus and Lactobacillus are not in the same order. This indicates that which one of the following is not sufficient to assign an organism to a taxon

Back 77

morphological characteristics

Front 78

Which of the following is used to classify organisms into the Kingdom Fungi?

Back 78

absorptive; possess cell wall; eukaryotic

Front 79

Which of the following is false about scientific nomenclature?

A. each name is specific

B. Names vary with geographical location

C. The names are standardized

D. Each name consists of a genus and specific epithet

E. It was first designed by Linnaeus

Back 79

B.

Front 80

You could identify an unknown bacterium by all of the following except:

A. hybridizing a DNA probe from an unknown bacterium with the unknown's DNA

B. making a fatty acid profile of the unknown

C. specific antiserum agglutinating the unknown

D. ribosomal RNA sequencing

E. percentage of guanine + cytosine

Back 80

E

Front 81

The wall-less mycoplasmas are considered to be related to gram-positive bacteria. Which of the following would provide the most compelling evidence for this?

Back 81

The share common rRNA sequences

Front 82

A multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the human liver?

Back 82

Animallia

Front 83

Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane

Back 83

proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria_