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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryote
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a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei
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Prime examples of prokaryote?
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bacteria
blue-green algae |
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eukaryote
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singled-called or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.
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bacteriology
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the study of bacteria
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mycology
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study of fungi
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virology
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study of viruses
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parasitology
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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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serotype
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group of microorganisms, viruses, or cells classified together based on their cell surface antigens.
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anitgen
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a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody
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What are microbes?
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free living organism so small (less than 100 micrometers). Only visible under microscope.
include bacteria, protozoa, microscopic algae, nonliving viruses. most are necessary and crucial. they are everywhere. |
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Nomenclature
each organism has 2 names which are |
1. genus, capitalized
2. species (specific epithet), not capitalized *both underlined and italicized *once mention once, cam abbreviate initial of the genus |
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Who made the naming system used today?
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Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
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How microbes are named and 2 examples
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describe organism, honor researcher, identity the habitat of a species
*Saphylococcus aureus describes shape and arrangement, and the golden color of the colonies *Escherichia coli named for scientist and reminds us it lives in colon. |
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3 major groups of Phylogenetic tree of life
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BACTERIA
ARCHAEA EUCARYOTA |
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most microbes are _____________
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PROKARYOTES
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What are examples of microbes classified as eukaryotes?
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*algae and protozoa (protists)
*some fungi *multicellular animal parasites microscopic during some stages of life |
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Types of prokaryote microbes
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*bacteria
*archaea- oldest on planet. don't cause disease |
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Are viruses technically microbes?
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no, they are not living unless in a host cell
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Bacteria
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*unicellular
*peptidoglycan cell walls *reproduce by bianary fission *very diverse. For energy use organic or inorganic chemicals, photosynthesis. (they're everywhere because they eat everything!) *many can swim using flagella |
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Archaea
(prokaryote) |
*unicellular
*lack peptidoglycan cell walls *have eukaryotic-like ribosomes *live in extreme environment *include methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles |
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Fungi (Eukaryote)
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*chitin cell walls
*organic chemicals for energy (decomposers. no photosynthesis) *molds and mushrooms are MULTIcellular- masses of mycelia composed of branching hyphae filaments *yeast are UNIcellular |
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Protozoa (Eukaryotes)
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*unicellular, complex cells
*absorb or ingest organic chemicals *may be motile, via pseudopods (false feet, extension of cytoplasm), cilia, or flagella *everything that aren't algae or fungi, various shapes and sizes |
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Algae (eukaryotes)
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*callulose walls
*photosynthesis for energy *produce oxygen and organic compounds *multicellular and unicellular |
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Cyrptosporidiosis
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*Cryptosporidium protozoa
*first reported in 1976 *causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries *in US transmitted via water (water treatment center has to watch) |
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Viruses
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*acellular (aren't cells)
*consist of DNA or RNA core *core is surrounded by a protein coat *coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope *replicate only when in living cell |
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multicellular animal parasites
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*microscopic stages in life cycles
*parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called HELMINTHS *multicellular animals *not strictly microorganisms, but have medical importance |
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see table 12.1
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do it!
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Naming Classes
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Domain
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Robert Hooke
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1665 observed living thing were composed of little boxes --> beginning of cell theory! looked at cork. observed eukaryotes.(funig, mold, yeast)
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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dutch merchant first to actually see miroorganisms. 1676, discovers bacteria with higher resolution microscope. made detailed drawings of "animalcules". becteria and protezoa
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Ibn Khatima
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14th century
hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by "minute bodies" which enter the human body and cause disease |
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Black Death
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(Ibn Khatima)
killed 30-60% of Europe's population |
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spontaneous generation
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hypothesis that living organisms arrive from nonliving matter; "a vital force" forms life. Need air. animals could be born of soil, etc
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Francesco Redi
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1668
wanted to disprove spontaneous generation. Jars with meat experiment. Jar with mesh over didn't produce maggots. Serious blow to s.g. Still didn't completely disprove spontaneous generation. |
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biogenesis
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hypothesis that the living organisms arise from living organisms.
battle with religion- faith favored spontaneous generation |
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John Needham
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1745 put boiled broth into covered flasks. nutriend broth boiled, then placed in sealed flask grew microbes.
Supported S.G! |
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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1765- boiled broth in sealed flasks. no growth. disproved S.G.! Except people didn't believe because "vital force" (air) wasn't available for growth.
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Rudolf Virchow
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1858 said cells arise from preexisting cells. brings back biogenesis! CELL THEORY- all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.
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Louis Pasteur
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1822-1895 finally proves SG wrong! Uses flasks with S-bent necks. First concluded microbes were in the air.
showed microbes can be present in nonliving matter, that they can be destroyed by heat, and that you can block them. beggining of aseptic techniques!! |
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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1857 to 1914. Spearheaded by Pasteur and Robert Koch
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Fermentation and Pasteurization
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Pasteur demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat
fermentation- yeast converts sugar to alcohol in absence of air. Pasteurization is the application if high heat for a short time. reduces spoilage |
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Germ Theory of Disease
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Possibility that microorganisms caused disease. Hard for people to accept, they thought disease was punishment for misdeed.
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Agostino Bassi
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1835- showed that a fungus silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan
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Pasteur
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1865- believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. Found way to ID afflicted silkworm moths.
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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1840s- advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
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Joseph Lister
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1860s- applied germ theory to medical procedures. Treated surgical wounds with phenol solution (kill bacteria)
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Robert Koch
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1876- proved that bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps (Koch's Postulates) to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
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Koch's Postulates
(4 Steps) |
1. The microorganism found in diseased animals, not in healthy
2. The microorganism is isolated from diseased animals and grows in pure culture 3. The cultured microorganism causes diseases if injected into healthy host 4. The new microorganism isolated is identical to the original organism |
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Problems with Koch's Postulates
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*sometimes can't isolate microbe
*need to isolate right microbe *not everyone gets infected same way *not always ethical |
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Edward Jenner
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1796- inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was protected from smallpox
Vaccination is derived from term vacca, for cow Protection called immunity |
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Immunology
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the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases.
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Chemotherapy
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treatment of disease by using chemicals.
antibiotics are chemicals naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to act against another organism. synthetic drugs are produced in laboratory. |
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Paul Ehrlich
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1910 synthesized an arsenic agent he used to treat syphilis.
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Alexander Fleming
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1928- discovered first antibiotic! Penicillin! Accidentally.
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Penecillin
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discovered that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed S. aureus.
tested and mass produced in 1940s |
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1. Bacteriology
2. Mycology 3. Parasitology |
1. study of bacteria
2. study of fungi 3. study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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genomics
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study of all of an organism's genes. Has allowed csientists to classify bacteria based and fungi according to their genetic relationships with other bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. New tools for classifying organisms.
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microbial genetics
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study of how microbes inherit traits
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molecular biology
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the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
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recombinant DNA
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DNA made from two different sources.
Paul Berg in 1960s inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and produced animal protein. |
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normal microbiota
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we have a variety of microbes on and inside our body. Do no harm, or benefit.
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biofilm
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complex aggregation of microbes. attached to eachother and/or some solid surface.
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