Micro Ch 6

Front 1

Define Autotrophs

Back 1

It "feed itself" use as inorganic source of Carbon (CO2)

Front 2

Define Heterotrophs

Back 2

It break down molecules from other organic source for Carbon.

Front 3

Define Lithotrophs

Back 3

It a autotrophs that acquire H+ /e-1 from

inorganic molecule. (H2, NO2, H2S, Fe2)

Front 4

Define Organotrophs

Back 4

Heterotrophs acquire electrons (typically as part of hydrogen atoms) from the same organic molecule that provide them carbon are called

Front 5

Define Photoautotrophs

Back 5

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use H2O as an electron source to reduce CO2, producing O2 as a by product.

Front 6

Define Chemoautotrophs

Back 6

Hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrifying bacteria, some archaea

Front 7

Define Chemoheterotrophs

Back 7

--Aerobic respiration: most animals, fungi, and protozoa, and many bacteria

--Anaerobic respiration: some animals, protozoa, bacteria, and archaea.

Fermentation: some bacteria, yeast and archaea

Front 8

Define Photoheterotrophs

Back 8

Green nonsulfur bacteria and purple nonsulfur bacteria, some archaea.

Front 9

Define Obligate aerobes

Back 9

Oxygen is essential because it serves as the final electron acceptor of electron transport chains.Which produce most of the ATP in these organism.

Front 10

Define Obligate anaerobes

Back 10

It is Poisonous. The most toxic form of oxygen.It highly reactive and excellent oxidizing agent. It resulting in oxidation causes irreparable damage to cells.

Front 11

The enzyme catalase converts hydrogen

peroxide into water and oxygen is called _____.

Back 11

Catalase test

Front 12

Explain the results of the catalase test

Back 12

Catalyases (has bubbles) the equation is 2H2O2~2H2O +O2

Peroxidase (has no bubbles) the equation is

H2O2 + 2H~ 2H2O

Front 13

Define Faculative anaerobes

Back 13

Can maintain with or without oxygen and has a metabolic activity reduce because a lack of O2.

Front 14

Define Aerotolerant anaerobes

Back 14

it do not use aerobic metabolism, but they

tolerate oxygen by having some of the enzymes that detoxify oxygen's poisonous forms.

Exp: The lactobacilli that transform cucumbers into pickles and milk into cheese are

aerotolerant.

Front 15

Define Microaerophiles

Back 15

It a ulcer-causing pathogen Helicobacter pylori (in the stomach). It require oxygen levels of 2% to 10%.

Front 16

Nitrogen make up _____% of the dry weight of cells.

Back 16

14%

Front 17

Nitrogen is growth limiting?

True or False

Back 17

True

Front 18

Recycle nitrogen come from ______ and ______?

Back 18

Amino acid and nucleotides

Front 19

Anabolism will cease because ________ is needed to build _____ and ______?

Back 19

Nitrogen, proteins and nucleotides.

Front 20

Together what chemical make up 95% of dry weight of the cell?

Back 20

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Front 21

Temperature is important for 3D shape?

True of False

Back 21

True

Front 22

Define minimum growth

Back 22

It the lowest temp where organism can still have metabolic activity

Front 23

Define maximum growth

Back 23

It the high temp where an organism still has metabolic activity

Front 24

Explain Psychrophiles

Back 24

Organism grow in the snow, cold, H2O ice cap etc. Also do not cause human disease. It grow best at 15 degrees Celsius.

Front 25

Explain Mesophiles

Back 25

organism grow best at 20 to 40 degree Celsius. can cause food to spoil. Human pathogen are mesophilies.

Front 26

Explain Thermophilies

Back 26

Organism grow at 45 degree celsius

Ex: Hot spring

Front 27

Explain Hyerthermophilies

Back 27

Organism can grow at 80 to 100 degree celsius

ex: Vocanoes

Front 28

Most bacteria prefer neutral environment?

a. Acid

b. Base

c. Neutral

Back 28

C: Neutral (7)

Front 29

Define PH

Back 29

Ph is a measure of the concentration of

hydrogen ions in a solution. That is measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

Front 30

Organisms are sensitive to changes in acidity

because ________ and _______ interfere with _______ _________ within ________ and ___________?

Back 30

hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions, hydrogen bonding, proteins and nucleic acids

Front 31

Define Neutrophies

Back 31

Pathogens grow best in a narrow range around a neutral ph. Ph between 6.5 to 7. Most tissues and organs in the human body.

Front 32

Define Acidophiles

Back 32

Bacteria and many fungi are acidophiles,

organism that grow best in acidic habitat.

Front 33

Define Alkalinophilies

Back 33

Organism live in alkaline soils and water up to ph 11.5

Front 34

Define Osmotic pressure

Back 34

Osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure exerted on a membrane by a solution containing solutes that cannot freely cross the membrane.

Front 35

Define Hypertonic

Back 35

It a higher solute concentration outside cell, H2O goes out and the cell shrink.

Front 36

Define Hypotonic

Back 36

It a lower solute concentration outside cell, H2O goes in cell swell up and burst

Front 37

________is required to dissolve enzymes and

nutrient?

Back 37

Water

Front 38

Most cells die in absence of _____?

Back 38

Water

Front 39

Define Obiligate halophiles

Back 39

It restrict organism to certain environment, such as the Great salt lake. It can live in 30% of salt. If it move to fresh water it will burst and die.

Front 40

Define facultative halophiles

Back 40

Organism that do not require high salt

concentration, they can tolerate them.

Front 41

Define Barophiles

Back 41

1. It live under extreme pressure

2. It live under extreme pressure because the pressure help maintain their 3d,functonal shape.

Front 42

_____exerts pressure based on depth

Back 42

Water

Front 43

Define Biofilms

Back 43

Biofilms are examples of complex relationships among numerous microorganisms often

different species, attached to surfaces such as teeth.

Front 44

What is defined media?

Back 44

In defined media the chemical composition is known.

Front 45

What is complex media?

Back 45

In complex media the chemical composition is not known.

ex: a. Nutrient broth

b. McConkey agar

Front 46

What is selective media?

Back 46

In selective media, it contain substance that favor the growth of one microbe or inhibit the growth of unwanted microbes.

ex: Sabouraud dextrose agar(low ph)

Monnitol salt agar (high salt)

Front 47

What is differential media?

Back 47

--It either the presence of visible changes in the medium or differences n the appearance of colonies help differentiate.

--Different bacteria utilize the ingredients in

different ways

Front 48

What is blood agar?

Back 48

Blood agar contain red blood cell. The beta -hemolysis completely digest RBC's

ex: Spyrogenes

Front 49

Give an example of an Alpha hemolysis?

Back 49

Pneumoniae (partially digested RBC's)

Front 50

Give an example of Gamma hemolysis?

Back 50

Faecalis (no digestion of RBC's)

Front 51

What are the steps in binary fission?

Back 51

1. Replicate DNA

2. Elongate

3. Form septum

4. Separate

Front 52

What is generation time?

Back 52

The time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide.

Front 53

What is the growth rate of E-coli?

Back 53

20 minutes

Front 54

What is Lag phase?

Back 54

It when a cell is adjusting, no growth, it making enzymes.

Front 55

What is Log phase?

Back 55

The bacteria synthesize the necessary chemical for conducting metabolism in their new

environment, and they then enter a phase of rapid chromosome replication, growth, and

reproduction.

Front 56

What is stationary phase?

Back 56

If bacterial growth continued at the exponential rate of the log phase, bacteria would soon

overwhelm the Earth. Causing all nutrients to be depleted and wastes accumulation.

Front 57

What is Death phase?

Back 57

If nutrients are not added and wastes are not

removed, a population reaches a point at which cells die at a faster rate than they are produced.

Front 58

What is the advantage of Microscopic counts?

Back 58

No incubation time

Front 59

What is the disadvantage of microscopic counts?

Back 59

1. Can't diff b/w live and dead.

2. Motility

3. High cell concentration

4. Time consuming

Front 60

The most commonly used method to count

bacteria is ________?

Back 60

Serial dilutions

Front 61

What is the disadvantage of serial dilution?

Back 61

1. The ability to grow a selected media.

2. Growth phase is importance.

Front 62

Note the formula for counting a colonies.

Back 62

# of colonies x 10 x 1000= bacteria cell/ml

Front 63

When is the membrane filtration is used?

Back 63

When population density of microbes is small.

ex: fecal bacteria in a stream or lake

Front 64

What is measuring turbidity?

Back 64

As bacteria reproduce in a broth culture, the broth often becomes turbid (cloudy).

Front 65

One can count bacteria in a cloudy environment by using a________?

Back 65

Spectrophotometer