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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the flagella made up of?
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Made up of 3 parts:
-filament -hook -basal body |
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Define filament, hook, and basal body.
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filament - repeating substance of flagellin. It is outside of prokaryote and it makes antibodies for flagella.
Hook - bent protein molecule that rotates with the basal body |
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What is the function of a flagella?
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motility (taxis) moving toward or away from an environment.
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FFlagella is only on what?
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Only on some bacteria: Gram + and Gram -
only on some rods, vibrios, and spirilla |
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What are atrichous bacteria?
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bacteria with no flagella
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How does flagella contribute to pathology?
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You can determine the H antigen, which catagorizes the microorganisms.
affects a host? It matters if the organism has a flagella or not |
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What are the arrangements of flagella?
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Monotricous
Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritichous |
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What are C. Axial filaments?
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internal flagella (endoflagella) found between the cell wall and the outer sheath
found on spirochetes and causes to rotate by a spiral, propelling motion |
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What is Syphilis?
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STD caused by a spirochete. has primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages
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What is taxis? Give examples
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The movement of an organism towards an "attractant" or away from a "repellent"
chemotaxis and phototaxis whopping of 0.0001mi/hr |
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What is D. Fimbriae?
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short, hairlike appendages made up of pilin protein. Only exist on gram-negative. 100s in cell
function is adhesion |
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What is E. Pili?
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sex pili
on gram negative male cells only ! longer than fimbriae and only 1 to a few per cell. |
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What is the structure and function of the cell wall?
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gives shape, rigidity, prevents rupture in hypotonic solutions, anchors flagella
made up of peptidoglycan, or murein |
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What does the glycan portion consist of ?
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chains of repeating units of disaccharide made of 2 amino sugars, NAG and NAM
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What does the peptide portion consist of ?
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tetrapeptide side chain and peptide cross links attached to NAM.
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What are the steps for Gram stain?
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1. Crystal violet - primary stain
2. Gram's iodine - mordant 3. Alcohol - decolorizing agent 4. Safranin - counterstain |
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Describe the Gram-positive cell wall
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peptidoglycan
thick teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid |
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Describe the Gram-negative cell wall
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peptidoglycan
thin NO teichoic acids has outer membrane |
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What does the outer membrane of the peptidoglycan consist of?
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1. phospholiipid
2. proteins 3. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 4. lipoproteins |
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What does the LPS consist of?
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Polysaccharide called the 'O' antigen
Lipid called 'Lipid A.' -causes the fever and shock |
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What are the properties of the outer membrane?
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Antigenic (LPS)
Endotoxin (Lipid A) Molecular sieve - 2 way helps cell prevent phagocytosis |
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E. coli?
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gram negative
many different isoforms of flagellin (H anitgen) O157:H7 |
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Perisplasmic space?
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between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in gram-negative cells only.
digests hydrolytic enzymes and transport proteins |
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What is H. Mycoplasma?
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have no peptidoglycan layer, wall-less
have sterols in cytoplasmic membrane (only bacteria that do) |
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What are Chlamydia?
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classified as gram negative because of outer membrane. no peptidoglycan
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What is I. Mycobacterium?
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have a thick waxy layer of mycolic acid outside of peptidoglycan layer
doesn't stain very well so you have to do "acid fast" staining |
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What is a lysozyme and what does it do?
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes the NAM-NAG bonds. It is to remove the cell wall.
it is found in lysosomes of eukaryotic cells (tears, saliva, nasal secretion, tissue fluids) |
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What does penicillin do?
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Targets cell walls and Prevents synthesis of cell wall.
more efective in Gram + than Gram - |
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What does the plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane/inner membrane have?
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Consists of phospholipids
proteins (integral, peripheral) NO sterols! |
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What does the plasma membrane function as?
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Transport (selective barrier and semipermeable)
Attachment site of enzymes involved in energy production, hydrolytic reactions, photosynthesis holds cytoplasm intact |
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Importance of plasma membrane?
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disinfectants and antibiotics act at this level
active and passive transport |
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What is a permease? What is an aquaporin?
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Permease = protein carrier for passive transport (facilitated diffusion)
aquaporin are used for water molecules to diffuse |
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What happens in an hypotonic solution? Hypertonic?
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hypotonic = lysis
hyper = dehydration/plasmolysis |
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What are group and non group translocations?
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group = substrate is modified within the membrane
nongroup = substrate is not modified |
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What are chromatophores?
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in the plasma membrane. thylakoid-like. plasma membrane folded inward.
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