Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
germ |
rapidly growing cell |
|
|
Carolus Linnaeus |
established the latin naming system (Genus + species) |
|
|
3 classes of microorganisms |
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Nonliving |
|
|
Prokaryotic microbobes include: |
bacteria and archaea |
|
|
Eukaryotic microbes include: |
viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae (VPFA- vicky probably farted again) |
|
|
characteristics of bacteria |
peptidoglycan cell wall reproduce by binary fission use organic AND inorganic chemicals for energy, as well as light |
|
|
aseptic technique |
working in a clean environment |
|
|
percentage of pathogenic bacteria |
ONLY <1%!!! |
|
|
characteristics of archaea |
lack peptidoglycan binary fission extreme environments |
|
|
characteristics of fungi |
chitin cells wall non photosynthetic use organic chemicals multicellular (mold) OR unicellular (yeast) |
|
|
characteristics of protozoa |
no cell wall absorb organic chemicals or other microbes motile (pseudopods, cilia, flagella) |
|
|
What does it mean by organic chemicals? |
carbon based |
|
|
characteristics of algae |
cellulose cell wall photosynthetic; GREEN produce molecular oxygen and water and make organic compounds from CO2 |
|
|
characteristics of viruses |
acellular and nonliving DNA/RNA core surrounded by protein coat may have 3rd layer (lipid membrane) inside living host |
|
|
helminths |
eukaryotic roundworms or flatworms NOT a microbe (can be seen with eye) multicellular |
|
|
the 3 domains of life |
1. bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya ("BAE") Eukarya includes: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
|
|
Robert Hooke |
discovered and named cells |
|
|
the cell theory |
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from preexisting cell |
|
|
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek |
first to SEE microbes (bacteria) |
|
|
Spontaneous generation |
the idea that organisms arise from nonliving matter; caused by a "vital force" |
|
|
biogenesis |
idea that living organisms arise from preexisting life |
|
|
Redi |
experimented with maggots in covered jars of meat; no maggots; biogenesis |
|
|
Needham |
boiled nutrient broth in covered flasks and saw growth (but transferred the broth); spontaneous generation |
|
|
Spallanzani |
heated broth without transferring it; no growth; biogenesis |
|
|
Louis Pasteur |
finally defeated the idea of spontaneous generation and proved biogenesis by devising an S shaped flask. Also brought us fermentation and pasteurization |
|
|
pasteurization |
high heat for a short amount of time; kills MOST of the bacteria and extends shelf life of food |
|
|
characteristics of a prokaryote |
one circular chromosome not bound by membrane no organelles peptidoglycan (bacteria) or pseudomurein (archaea) cell wall binary fission |
|
|
characteristics of eukaryotes |
paired chromosomes inside a membrane organelles cellulose (plants and algae) or chitin (fungi) cell walls mitosis |
|
|
coccus |
spherical |
|
|
types of coccus shaped cells |
diplococci streptococci staphylococci |
|
|
bacillus |
rod shaped |
|
|
types of bacilli |
single bacillus diplobacilli streptobacilli |
|
|
Vibrio
|
curved rod |
|
|
Spirillum |
spiral |
|
|
spirochete |
tight coil (longer and thinner than spirillum) |
|
|
Capsules |
sticky outside cell wall with polysaccharide matrix; allows cells to attach to surfaces and form biofilms, evade phagocytosis, and resist desiccation |
|
|
desiccation |
drying out |
|
|
Flagella |
for motility; move by stimulus (taxis) |
|
|
fimbriae |
hair-like protein extensions for attachment to surfaces, colonization, and biofilm formation |
|
|
Pili |
longer and thicker than fimbriae but less numerous; attachment; 2 types |
|
|
peptidoglycan |
polymer of disaccharide (NAG and NAM) cross linked by polypeptides |
|
|
bacterial motility |
clockwise: moves backwards (tumbles) counterclockwise: moves cell forward (run) |
|
|
peritrichous flagella |
many all over |
|
|
monotrichous flagella |
one; polar |
|
|
lophotrichous |
bundle at one end; polar |
|
|
amphitrichous |
couple at both ends; polar |
|
|
the 2 types of pili |
1. conjugation pili for transferring DNA 2. others facilitate the "grappling hook" motility (twitching) |
|
|
osmotolysis |
popping of cell; the cell wall prevents this by giving structural strength and swelling rather than popping |
|
|
gram postitive |
thick peptidoglycan teichoic acids (bind cations) purple |
|
|
gram negative |
thin peptidoglycan outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer; contains lipid A, endotoxin periplasmic space red/pink |
|
|
the acid fast cell wall |
a peptidoglycan cell wall with waxy lipids called mycolic acids determining whether a cell has an acid fact cell wall or a nonacid fast cell wall can help scientists identify pathogens |
|
|
substances that damage prokaryotic cell wall |
lysosomes and penicillin |
|
|
lysosomes |
cleaves glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan to break open cells
|
|
|
penicillin |
antibiotic produced by fungus; inhibits cross linkage formation in cell wall |
|
|
protoplast |
cell with a destroyed cell wall; susceptible to osmoticlysis (bursting) |
|
|
what is the plasma membrane composed of? |
a phospholipid bilayer - polar region (hydrophilic) - 2 non polar regions (lipid tails) |
|
|
peripheral proteins |
not embedded in the membrane |
|
|
integral/transmembrane proteins |
are embedded in the membrane |
|
|
simple diffusion |
no energy; moves from high concentration to a low concentration |
|
|
facilitated diffusion |
no energy; high to low concentration via transporter protein built for specific molecules |
|
|
osmosis |
no energy; diffusion of water through aquaporins (water channels) |
|
|
active transport |
ENERGY; from low to high concentration; moves against concentration gradient; requires special transporter protein (ATP) |
|
|
isotonic solution |
no net movement of water |
|
|
hypotonic solution |
water moves IN the cell; cell swells |
|
|
hypertonic solution |
water moves OUT of the cell; shrinks (plasmolysis) |
|
|
ribosomes |
catalyze protein synthesis 50S + 30A = 70S |
|
|
endospores |
dormant cell phase; resistant to desiccation, radiation, extreme temperatures, etc. |
|
|
endosporulation |
endospore formation when conditions are not conductive for cell growth |
|
|
germination |
the process of an endospore returning to its vegetative, active state |
|
|
purpose of flagella and cilia |
motility |
|
|
cilia |
microtubules shorter, numerous beat like oars |
|
|
flagella |
microtubules long and thin propel the cell by whip-like motion (rotate in prokaryotes) |
|
|
80S ribosomes in eukaryotes |
free floating or on the ER |
|
|
70S ribosomes in eukaryotes |
only in chloroplasts and mitochondria |
|
|
vacuole |
organelle for structural strength; stores water and nutrients |
|
|
photosynthesis |
contains thylakoid (location of photosynthesis) inside of granum |
|
|
mitochondria |
responsible for cellular respiration |
|
|
endosymbiotic hypothesis |
mitochondria and chloroplasts were once ancient, free-living bacteria which were taken in by larger cells |
|
|
modern examples supporting endosymbiotic hypothesis |
pyrsonympha (in termites) cyanophora (in freshwater) |
|
|
metabolism |
the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism |
|
|
catabolism |
break down; produces energy |
|
|
anabolism |
build up; uses energy and allows for growth |
|
|
metabolic pathway |
sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions resulting in either catabolism or anabolism |
|
|
enzymes |
lower the activation energy of chemical reactions; speed up reactions without being used up |
|
|
apoenzyme |
protein component |
|
|
cofactor |
nonprotein component; completes the enzyme (ex: Fe in hemoglobin) |
|
|
coenzyme |
ORGANIC cofactor |
|
|
holoenzyme |
active form |
|
|
apoenzyme + cofactor = |
holoenzyme |
|
|
factors influencing enzyme activity |
temperate, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors |
|
|
as temperature increases.... |
enzyme activity activity also increases, until the protein is denatured by heat |
|
|
the enzyme is most active at a pH of... |
5.0 (or neutral) |
|
|
as substrate concentration increases... |
enzyme activity increases until it reaches a threshold and levels out (because enzymes can only work so fast) |
|
|
competitive inhibitors |
keep substrates from binding in the active site |
|
|
noncompetitive inhibitors |
inhibit but do NOT bind on active site bind on allosteric site and inhibit the substrate from binding |
|
|
natural/feedback inhibition |
the product inhibits start of pathway |
|
|
oxidation |
loss of electrons |
|
|
reduction |
gain of electrons |
|
|
redox reaction |
paired reaction of oxidation and reduction (when a cell loses an electron, another one gains) |
|
|
dehydrogenation |
removal of entire hydrogen atom |
|
|
ATP |
the energy currency of a cell generated by phosphorylation of ADP |
|
|
phosphorylation |
ATP synthesis |
|
|
substrate level phosphorylation |
energy from the transfer of a high energy phosphate to ADP generating ATP |
|
|
oxidative phosphorylation |
energy is released by the transfer of electrons from one compound to another (a redox reaction) used to generate ATP via the electron transport chain |
|
|
cellular respiration |
energy containing molecules (lipids, proteins, glucose) oxidized to convert the stored energy to a more usable form (ATP) in the cell ATP is generated by BOTH substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration |
|
|
carbohydrate catabolism |
the breakdown of carbs/sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP carried out by 3 steps |
|
|
the 3 parts of carbohydrate catabolism |
1. glycolysis 2. krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) 3. electron transport chain |
|
|
glycolysis |
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid product: ATP and NADH takes place in cytoplasm |
|
|
molecules used and produced in the process of converting one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid: |
2 ATP used 4 ATP produced 2 NADH produced |
|
|
Bridge to krebs |
the newly produced pyretic acid is oxidized and decarboxylated products: acetylcoA, NADH, carbon dioxide |
|
|
Krebs |
for each turn of the cycle, the stepwise oxidation of acetylcoA produces: 3NADH 1FADH2 1 ATP 2 CO2 |
|
|
the electron transport chain |
a series of membrane bound "electron carrier" molecules are reduced and then oxidized as electrons are passed down the chain (gain and then lose electrons) |
|
|
what do electron transfers accomplish? |
build potential energy in the form of a proton motive share |
|
|
proton motive share |
used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis (transfer of hydrogen across membrane) use of this is oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
fermentation |
releases energy from the oxidation of certain organic molecules, but does not use oxygen does not use krebs or ETC to produce ATP not respiration, made by substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
the 2 types of fermentation |
lactic acid fermentation alcohol fermentation |
|
|
lactic acid fermentation |
produces lactic acid from the pyruvic acid made by glycolysis carried out by lactic acid bacteria and oxygen deprived mitochondria |
|
|
alcohol fermentation |
produces ethanol and CO2 from pyruvic acid carried out by yeasts and fungi |
|
|
IgnazSemmelweis |
advocatedhand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal (childbirth) fever toobstetrical patients |
|
|
showedthat a silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan, confirming thatmicroorganisms can cause disease |
pasteur |
|
|
RobertKoch |
proved that a bacterium (Bacillusanthracis)causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, called Koch’spostulates, toprove that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease |
|
|
EdwardJenner |
inoculatedan 8-year-old volunteer with cowpox virus. discovered vaccination |
|
|
AlexanderFleming |
discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin |
