Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are some specimines used to isolate pathogesn
|
Blood, Urine,Sputum, CSF, pus , swab
|
|
|
what is protocol used to isolate a pathogen
|
a)specimin form site of infection,b) taken aseptically, C) large enough, D) maintain metabolic requirements
|
|
|
Blood Agar , typ of media. what it good for
|
general purpose media, grow about anything
|
|
|
MSA meduim , type and good for?
|
selective and differentail.
selective for Staph cocci cause of the 7.5% NaCl differential for staph Coccus areus, ferment manitol |
|
|
Emb (Eoisin Methlyn Blue) type of test and good for?
|
selective for G(-) rods because of bile salts and dyes. DIFFERENTIAL due to lactose (red for fermentation, colorless for nonfermenters) for enteric organisms, Fibre chloera
|
|
|
Diffence btx BACTEREMIA & SPETICEMIA
|
bacteria is the presence of bacteria in the blood, Speticemia is when it grows in the blood (infected)
|
|
|
advantages of dipstick urine tests
|
1- cheap 2-non invasive 3- collects a large amount of data.
|
|
|
what type specimin needed for urine culture
|
clean catch urine sample, refridg. if cant get tolab quickly
|
|
|
what organisms give a green metallic sheen on EMB and why
|
Ecoli. due to the lactose fermentation
|
|
|
do gram stain on bacterial meningitis what would u see what of medi to grow it on?
|
gram negative diplococci (neisseria) grown on Thyer-martin agar
|
|
|
what are differntail tests used for examples?
|
used to look for presence of absence of enzymes involved in ctabolism of specific substrate. yes or no
|
|
|
what reactions would u see in glucose phenol red broth
|
u would see color changes (sugar fementation) acid production shown by colro change of dye, acid- yellow no acid its drk pinkis black. and gas production
|
|
|
waht does citrate test check fo?
|
usage of citrate being used as a carbon source. (blue color)
|
|
|
What does MIC determine
|
minimum inhibitory concentration. lowet concentration of antibiotic that inhibits growth . several dilutions then see which is the min that killed it
|
|
|
why does it take a couole weeks to recover from an infection without meds.
|
thats how long it takes to produce enough antibodies to fightoff pathogens.
|
|
|
how are polyclonal antibodies diff from monoclonal. ex. of what they are used for
|
poly- many antibodies recognizing many receptors on antigens. specific antibodies only highly purifyed antigen. (standardization and reproduction difficult)
MONOCLONAL- single antibodyfor single antigen. specific antibody , impure antigens (highly reproducable) |
|
|
what is serology, whats found in serum
|
study of antigen/antibody reactions in vitro. antibodies are found in serum
|
|
|
what is a neutralization reaction. give ex.
|
interaction of antibody with antigen to reduce or eliminate its biological activity. neutralizatoin of toxins produced by bacteria
|
|
|
how is precipitation different form agglutination.
|
precipitation- the items are disolved wihtin solution, it then combines to form a siold and falls out of solution. agglutination- the items are not completly disolved they are just particles in suspension when the "clup" they become large enough to see.
|
|
|
what is florescent antibody what used for
|
chemically modified to floresce, under a florescent microscope. we tag the antibodoes and then allowed to bind to the antigen, when they bind and viewed under a microscope the antigen/antibody reactions floresce.
used for noninfectiuos diseases (cancer) , infections that cant grow in culture, used to label antibodies, separtate mixtures into relatively pure populations. , define numbers of indiv. cell types in complex mixtures |
|
|
basic principles of ELISA test
|
test for aids. DIRECT- looks for antigen. INDIRECT looks for antibody to the pathogen
|
|
|
what is basis of RIA (Radio immunoassay)
|
uses radioactive isotopes to lable antibody molecules. the lable can cause a color change allows for detection of small quantities of antigen/antibody complexes
uses radioactive instead of enzymes |
|
|
nucleic probe. need to grow in culture to use? why
|
no- makes identification alot faster, they are single strands of dna or rna dont depend on pathogen isolation of growth or have to wait for immune response.
|
|
|
what do epidedemiologists study, who would the work for
|
they study epdiemics, work for the CDC or (worldwide) WHO
|
|
|
define Epidemic
|
a disease that occurs in an unusually hig number of people
|
|
|
define pandemic
|
is a widspreadusually world wide infection
|
|
|
define endemic
|
constantly precent in popluation but low occurances of infection (flu)
|
|
|
define incidence
|
the number of new cases of a disease in a given perood of time
|
|
|
define prevalance
|
a total number of new and existing cases of diseas in poplulation in given time
|
|
|
define mortality
|
total number of the incidence of death in a popluation
|
|
|
define morbitity
|
the instance of desease, fatal and non fatal, in a poplulation in a given preopd of time
|
|
|
explain the 5 steps progression of a disease
|
1) infeciton- invasion and colonization of the organis in the host
2) incubation- time of infection to onset of symptoms 3) acute period- the height of the disease 4) decline period- disease symptoms subsiding 5) convalescent period- pt regains health |
|
|
what is a reservoir? wht is it in mycobacterium leprae/ clostridum botulinum
|
it si where infectious agents remain viable and from which the induvidual may become infected.
Mycobacterium leprae=armidillos clostridum botulinum= found in soil |
|
|
what is ZOONOSES? ex.
|
any disease that primarily infects animals but can be xmitted to humans (Rabies)
|
|
|
examples of host to host xmission disease, Indirect?
|
direct- transmissions thru vehicles, (food water , fomites)
indirect- from infected person to inanimate obj. (food , water, fomites or ebven a secondary host like animal to the uninfected host |
|
|
define vector
|
living agents , fleas,(black death), ticks, rats, mosquitoes
|
|
|
define fomits
|
nonliving agents (bedding , toys, drinking cups, water)
|
|
|
how is commom source epidemic diff. from a host to host epidemic
|
common source- arries from thing like common drinking water, contaminated food, ect(chlorea).
host to host- host to host people to people, (flu - chicken pox) usually shows slow progressive rise and gradual decline |
|
|
what is a nosocomial infection?
|
infections gotten in hospitals (most common thru cathaters, and surgery sites
|
|
|
what public health measures are used to prevent disease
|
if reservoirs are animale, imunized or destroyed if human (eradication is difficult) (quarrintene, immunized, surveillence, pathogen ereadication)
|
|
|
what factors increase risk of nosocomial infections
|
patients hve loe resistance to infections, mulitple patinets in one room, healthcare workers move infections from room to room, healtcare procedures may breech skin and introduce infection
|
|
|
what are emergent and reemerging diseases. ex?
|
emergent- ones that suddenly become more prevelant (west nile)
reemerging- those thta have become prevelant after having been previously under control (plague, yellow fever, cholera, polo) |
|
|
what are the 3 types of anthrax how u accquire each
|
1) cutaneous anthrax (skin, usually localized infection and non leathal)
2)gastrointestinal (gi tract) 3) pulmonary (lungs) uses bacillus anthracis - spore form is easly inhaled adn infects many different areas (G+ , endospore forming rod |
|
|
what is GAS
|
Group A STREP-
strep pyeogenes casues strep throat, svere sore throat, enlarged tonsils, tender cervical lympnodes, mild fever. |
|
|
what is impetigo
|
lessions on the skin due to a strep pyogenes or staph aureus infection
|
|
|
what causes scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever
|
certian GAS strains carry lysogenic bacteriophage encoded exotoxins responsible for toxic shock and scarlet fever
|
|
|
what causes Pneumonia, where infect,
|
strep. pneumoniae. alveolar tissue (lower resp.)
|
|
|
wht causes diptheria how does it cause disease, how treated
|
cornyebacterium, spread airborne , produced exotoxin, casues tissue deaths and the apoperance of pseudo membrane in throat, previous infection or immunization provides resistance, treat with anitbiotics, diphteria antixonisnare avail for acute casce, early admin. is nessecary
|
|
|
what casues pertussis
|
acute highly infectious resp disease, with recurrent violent clugh(whooping cough) casued by, bordetella pertussis,
prevented thru vaccine soon after birth |
|
|
wht. is ediological agent of TB? what special about the bacteria
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis. very slow growing, have waxy cell walls and are acid fast, therfore can gorw inside the macrophages
|
|
|
wht is meningitis
|
inflamation of the menengies, casurd by Neisseria meningitids, can also be viral fungal or protist infecitons, ususal spread airborne
|
|
|
what casues rubeola measles
|
negative strand rna virus paramyxovirus, prevented thru imunnization
|
|
|
characteristic symptom of mumps
|
swollen salivary glands
|
|
|
wht groups of people are of great concern to get German measles why?
|
causes birth defects in pregnanat women
|
|
|
what is MMR and DPT
|
MMr- measles, mumps and rubella- vaccine, DPT protects against diptheria
|
|
|
explain disease process for chicken pox and shingles. what causes them .
|
chicken pox (varicella) caused by varicella-zoster virus. dna herpesvirus- highly contagious, xmitted thru infections dropltes, very contagious rt before blisters from. as u fught off the infection it goes into latens stage, can reamin dormant for years, if virus becomes active again its called shingles,
|
|
|
colds cause by what virus, wht symptoms
|
rhinno virus,no fever, ho headache, slight malaise, yes to runny nose, yes to sore throat, not common for dihareea or vomiting
|
|
|
flu caused by what virus , wht symptoms
|
caused by influenza virus,
sudden onset of fever, common headache, comon sever malase, not strong runny nose, not sore throat, yes to vommiting and diahreea |
|
|
what do coronavirus and adenovirus cause
|
approx 15% colds due to coronavirus, 10% due to adenovirus
|
|
|
how does flu vaccine protect ur
|
some drugs stop the virus from adhering to the host which is why using em early is better
|
|
|
whatis antigenic shift and drift, why the occur , what virus they associated
|
withantigenicshift is a major change in the influenza virus due to gene reassortment. DRIFT- slight change in virus antigens due to gene mutation
|
|
|
how does flu vaccine protect u from gtting the flu
|
certian drugs tstop the virus from being able to attatch to the host
|
|
|
whats diseases are accociated with staph areus
|
acne, biols ,. pimples, impetigo, meningitis, arthritus
|
|
|
what does leukocidin do
|
virulnece facter- kills white blood cells
|
|
|
what g neg, spiral bacterium is assoc wiht stomach ulcers and cancer, how diagnoses, how xmitted
|
heliobacter pylori, diagnoses with biopsy, xmitted by person to person and ingestion of conaminated foods/water
|
|
|
whaat does hepatitis infect, which are blood which are water, which are prevented thru vaccines
|
infects liver (infamatory), hep b,c,d, and g are blood. hep a and e are food and water, hep a and b are vacine preventable
|
|
|
what the diff btx herpes simplex I and II
|
I is facial herpes , II is genital
|
|
|
what is host for hiv , wht levels are considered full blown aids
|
t-helper cells cd4 when t-helper cell count is below 200...
|
|
|
what is zoonosis
|
diseas usally infects animals but can infect humans also
|
|
|
wht causes rabies, how transmitted, how treated, how diagnosed
|
occures in epizodic animals, can be zoontic(xmitted to humans) xmitted thru a bit or break in the skin, travels to nervous system and brain. diagnosed thru lab tissue samples, tx passivly immunizing with rabies imunoglobulin
|
|
|
waht does hantavirus cause , how spread
|
infects lungs or kidneys, associated wiht the urine of infected rodents, causes hantvirus pulmonay syndrom, hemmorgic fever with renal syndrome, spreads thru inhalation of infeceted rodent excreet
|
|
|
whats unique about rickettsais, wht diseas it cause
|
they are sm. bacteria strict intercellular existance in vertebrates ( must live in host cell)only culturedred in tissue or host animals. causes spotted fever, typhus
|
|
|
what is the vector for rickettsial diseases
|
typhus group = lice, spotted fever= ticks
|
|
|
wht casues lymes disease, wht the vector, chraacteristic diagnostic reaction, what casues it
|
cause by bacteria Borrelia burgdor feri, vector is deer tick, u get " bulls eye" rash at site of the bite
|
|
|
what causes malaria? how spread? vector?how prevented, body parts infected?
|
caused by plasmodium, spread my mosqwuito bites`
novaccine , prevent by protection from bites, infects RBC, eventually attacks liver |
|
|
waht caused west nile fever, how spread
|
caused by west nile virus, xmotted thru mosquito bites
|
|
|
what casued bubonic plague, how spread, what typ of organism, what is a buboe, how treated
|
caused by yersinia pestis, spread domestic and wild rodents, humans are accidental hosts , fleas are the vectors and hosts that spread plague, buboe- growth of bacterium in lymph nodes, very effective to treat with antibiotics
|
|
|
define mycosis
|
infectoin with a fungus
|
|
|
define mycotoxin
|
intoxiction due to fungus
|
|
|
dimorphic fungus
|
at room tepm it grows as a mold, at body temp grows as a yeast.
|
|
|
what casues ringworm
|
micosporum
|
|
|
what causes athletes foot and jock itch
|
trichophyton
|
|
|
what is a dermatophyte
|
group of superficial fungus that grows on hair skin ans nails
|
|
|
how can a fungi cause allergies, systemic in fection, intoxication
|
spore acts as an antigen, casues type I hypersensitivity, systemic infectios occure when spores are ingested, they release toxins that get into the blood stream and affect organs like the brain
|
|
|
what is coliform, give examples, why are they called indicator organisms, how do u test for em
|
ex. enterbacter e. coli, called indicator cuz they signal thta a given watersource may be contaminated with a pthogen, test using MPN, or a membrane filter
|
|
|
what test is used to test wastewater treament , whoat it the goal of waste water treatmen
|
MPR to test
goal- reduce organic /inorganic materials to level that no longer supports microbial growth, and to eliminate potentially toxic materials |
|
|
what difference btx primary and secondary and tirteiary waste water treatments
|
1) only physical separtation
2) use of bacteria to break down wast products (anoxic- series of digestive/fermentive treatments carried out by various microbes inder anoxic cond. AEROBIC- digestive treatmenst to treat water with low levels of organic materials (trickling filter and acctivated sludge) 3) Chemicle- any physio chem or biological process emplying bioreactors, precipitation , filtratin or chloiniation |
|
|
what casues cholera , how spread, wht type of organism. , is it infection or intoxication,
|
cholera- severe diahreal response now restricted to developing parts of the world, attacted to epihtelal cells of sm intestin where it grows and releases enterotoxin. casues sever bloody diarreha, it blocks absorption of sodium thus blocking water absorption, caued by vibro cholerae. its intoxication cause of enterotoxin
|
|
|
is legionares disease contagious?
|
its a sever form of pneumonia with fever and chills, not contagious, grows in water spread in humidified aresols, not person to person, comon found in cooling towers and large air conditioning systems
|
|
|
what is a giardia cyst,m troph?
|
cycs- reasting stage produced by protozoan giardia intestinalis, has thick protetive wall tht prevents it from drying out, after ingestion cysts germinate and attatch to intestinal wall, csuses symptoms of explosive fowl smeling watr diahreea, intestinal cramps, flatulance, neasues, weight loss, malais, cyct is resistant to chloirnation
|
|
|
what is intomobea hystologica
|
pathogenis protist, xmitted in humasn primarily through contaminated water and food, anerobic amoeba produces cysts. can be asymptomatic or lead to diarrhea or dysentary. if untreated can invade lungs and occasionally the lungs and brain
|
|
|
what makes food perishable
|
the amount of water classifies as perishable , semi perishable or non perishable
|
|
|
what are the food preservations methods and how do they work
|
COLD- slows microbial growth
PICKELING- ph important in growth ph less that 5 most spoiage organisms are inhibited uses vinigar (acid) increases sugaror salt makes it hypertonic(dehydrates bacteria)DRYING AND DEHYDRATION- removes the water HEATING- reduces bacterial load or actually sterilize it. canning not always effective 100% endospores can survive, ASEPTIC FOOD PROCESING- flash heating and packing in streile containers, lasts on shelves for months, (ex juice boxex), CHEMICAL PRESERVATION- addatived ued to control microbial growth, IRRADIATION- ionizing radiation reduces bacterial /fingal and insect contamination |
|
|
what does psychotolerant mean
|
organisms that can grow in the refridge.
|
|
|
what is lyophillizatoin
|
freeze drying, physical removal of frozen water under a vacum
|
|
|
waht organisms are important in making fermented foods
|
it an anerobic catabolism of organic compounds, bacteria are used (lactic acid bacteria, actetic acid bacteria)
|
|
|
difference between food poisioning and food infection
|
food poisioning- ingesting foods already containing microbial toxins ( microorganisms dont have to grow in the host. FOOD INFECTION- ingestied microbes followed by the growth of pathogen in the host
|
|
|
compare staph food poisioning and botulism
|
food poisoining caused often by toxins produced by staph A., causes gastroentitis; (will not die form staph food poisioning~
Botulisim- produces endospores large numbers of cells must be ingested>180, enterotoxin produced in instetines (7-15 hrs) , found in soil, can be fatal(25%). botulinum is a neuro toxin, blocks release of ach, causeing flacid paralysism which when occurs in diaphram is fatal (denatured by heat) |
|
|
how does salmonella and e coli 157 cause disease
|
salmonellosis- gastro intestinal (foodborn), assoc w/ under cooked chicken, pet turtles and , contaminated water, self limiting ( not a toxin but an infection, onset 8-40 hrs after digestions, resolves in 2-5 days, samonella ingested in food/water invades phagocytes and grows within them
Ecoli- most not pathogenic, all pathogenic stains are paracitic and a few produce toxin. enterohemmoragic e coli, produces verotoxin, verotoxin caused bloody diaherra |
|
|
which fungal toxin is carcinogen?
|
aflotoxin assoc. w/ peanuts infected wiht aspergillus. prodyces mycotoxin
|
|
|
waht causes lock jaw, how does it cause the disease, gasic characteristics, how transmitted,
|
lockhjaw = exotoxin from teh clostridium tetani endospores... transmitted thru spoed in an open wound, exotoxin caused contactn releas of ach , therefore locking up the muscles in constant contraction.
|
|
|
what organism deals with recalled lunch meat
|
listeria gram + rods , no endospores,
|
|
|
how can bacillius cereus casue poisioning what food associated with
|
causes diarrhea and vomiting, self limitint assoc with leaving rice in a rice cooker too long
|
|
|
waht type of organism is shigells what does it cause
|
shiga toxin (verotoxin) shigella dysentariea, causes bloody diarreha,
|
|
|
what virus assoc. with diarreha on cruise ships
|
food born, noroviruses responsible for most infections with cruise ships
|
