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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathogen of UTI is usually what?
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Pathogen is usually bacterial or yeast.
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How does Uropathogenic E. coli go to the bladder?
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E. coli uses adherent molecules to climb to the bladder.
Also use them to stick to the walls of the bladder |
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Infection in males which can reach the prostate causes what?
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Prostatitis-inflammation of the prostate gland, a common condition in adult males
Prostatitis can be either acute or chronic. |
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What is responsible for most bladder infections?
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E. coli
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Describe the symptoms of Urethritis.
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Dysuria (painful urination/difficult urination) frequently and urgently.
Low back pain, abdominal pain, and tenderness over bladder. Urine is cloudy. |
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Cystitis refers to what?
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Cystitis (膀胱炎) - urinary bladder inflammation & has more acute onset and more severe symptoms.
Presence of bacteria and blood in urine |
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Nephritis is inflammation of what?
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Kidneys
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Describe the symptoms of Nephritis.
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Fever above 38.3˚C
Severe cases can cause septic shock (whole-body inflammatory state) |
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Nephritis usually causes damage to kidney function. True or False?
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False: usually no damage to kidney function
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Describe the symptoms of Prostatitis.
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Pain in the lower back, perirectal area, and testicles.
Can be high fever, chills, and symptoms similar to bacterial cystitis. Inflammatory swelling can lead to obstruction of the urethra. |
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What are commonly used as treatment for Prostatitis?
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Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
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What is the major infections in the reproductive system?
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sexually transmitted- STDs
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STDs can cause what?
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Urethritis
Cervicitis Prostatitis Pharyngitis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
can result from what? |
Gonococcal or chlamydial infection, which can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy.
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Most common pathogens for STD are ...?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Papilloma, herpes simplex, and HIV viruses |
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The symptom of this are dysuria (painful urination) or urethral discharge (or both). What is this?
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Urethritis
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Urethritis is caused by what?
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N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
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Name the infection associated with swelling of the epididymis and usually quite painful.
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Epididymitis
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Name the infection which may involve mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
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Cervicitis
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Bacterial vaginitis is caused by/associated with what?
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Overgrowth of vaginal anaerobic (without oxygen) flora
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Vaginitis can produce what?
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Homogeneous yellowish discharge
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50% of cases of PID is caused by what? What is the symptom?
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Usually presents with abdominal pain. |
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Inflammation of lymph nodes is called ...?
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Lymphadenitis
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Lymphadenitis is seen in several sexually transmitted infections. True or False?
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True
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Name three of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections.
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Syphilis
Gonorrhea Non-gonococcal urethritis |
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Syphilis is caused by what?
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Treponema pallidum
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Describe the pathogenesis of Treponema pallidum.
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Slim spirochete; Slow rotating motility; can be grown in mammalian cell cultures.
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Treponema pallidum is exclusively a human pathogen. True or False?
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True: transmission restricted to direct contact & exclusively a human pathogen
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Syphilis infection is acquired by how?
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sexual contact
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Describe the primary syphilis.
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- Starts as a papule (solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid) and becomes an ulcer, usually located on external genitalia or cervix.
- Ulcer remains painless - a chancre (is a painless ulceration formed during the primary stage of syphilis). |
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What occurs within 1 week of the initial lesion of syphilis?
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Lymphadenopathy (inflammation of lymph nodes)
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secondary syphilis is also known as ...?
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disseminated syphilis
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Describe the lesions of the rash caused by primary shipilis.
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They are covered with great numbers of spirochetes & extremely infectious.
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Latent syphilis show no clinical signs or symptoms but infection is continuing. True or False?
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True: can last for years
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Tertiary syphilis is characterized by appearance of what?
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Gummas: localized granulomatous lesions in skin, bones, joints, and internal organs
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Congenital syphilis, passed to fetus from mother, result in ...?
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Devastating consequences such as; miscarriage, changes to entire skeletal structure, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and liver failure
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What is the treatment for syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum is very sensitive to penicillin.
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Gonorrhea is caused by what?
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Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Describe the pathogenesis of Gonorrhea.
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Gram-negative diplococcus, Numerous pili. Grows well on chocolate agar and requires CO2.
Can change antigens from generation to generation |
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Extensive genetic changes that occur in N. gonorrhoeae allows ...?
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Allow pathogen to escape host defenses.
Make it able to bind to variety of receptors. Maximize the potential for infection. |
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Describe the attachment and invasion of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Contains adherence proteins.
Used to attach to urethral and vaginal ET. Also attaches to sperm, neutrophils, parts of fallopian tubes. |
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In males who get infected by gonorrhea, 95% of them have this within 14 days.
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Have pus dripping from urethra
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Antibiotics can successfully cure all kinds of gonorrhea. True or False?
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False: there are drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea.
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Treatment for gonorrhea are ...?
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Fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, doxycycline are effective.
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NGU is the most common sexually transmitted disease. True or False?
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True!
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Non-gonococcal urethritis is caused by ...?
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Chlamydia – a unique form of bacteria
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Describe the Chlamydia.
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Obligate intracellular
Round cell surrounded by an envelope Do not contain peptidoglycan One of the smallest genomes of all the prokaryotes |
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Chlamydia has an affinity for what?
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Epithelial cells of the cervix.
Upper genital tract of women. Urethra and rectum of both men and women. |
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If infection not treated or failure in the immune response, what would occur?
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NGU can become chronic.
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Chlamydia are sensitive to what?
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Doxycycline, azithromycin, and some fluoroquinolones.
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Describe the two distinct epidemiological and antigenic types of herpes simplex virus.
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- Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) -above-the-waist & causes cold sores
- Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)- below-the-waist & causes genital herpes |
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Many patients infected with HSV-2 are ...?
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Are asymptomatic.
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HSV-2 are transmitted by how?
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Transmission is through direct contact with infected secretions.
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Describe the Acute Infection of HSV-2.
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Virus can spread: intraneuronally & interneuronally by cell-to-cell transfer.
It also can result in death of neurons. |
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Describe the Latent Infection of HSV-2.
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Infection does not result in the death of neuron.
Effects on host cell not understood. Most antiviral drugs do not abolish latent infection. |
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Reactivation of latent virus accounts for what?
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Most recurrent genital infections of HSV-2.
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What is the symptoms of Primary Genital Herpes?
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Lesions begin as small papules.
Within 3-5 days, lesions break to form painful coalesced ulcers. |
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What causes Neonatal herpes infection?
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Most cases associated with maternal primary infection at or near the time of delivery.
Infections in newborn infants results from transmission during delivery. |
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Those infants infected by herpes have severe difficulties such as ...?
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Abnormal nervous system function , Disseminated vesicular lesions, Necrosis of the liver & adrenal glands, and seizures
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Most effective and most commonly used for herpes is what?
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Nucleoside analog acyclovir.
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Papillomaviruses are ...?
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small, non-enveloped, with double-stranded DNA and icosahedral symmetry.
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Papillomaviruses causes what?
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Cause papillomas (benign tumors) or warts, and also associated with cervical cancer.
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How many HPV genotypes identified in human genital lesions?
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12 HPV genotype
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Genital warts usually appear as ...?
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a small bump or groups of bumps in the genital area
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Most prominent fungal infection in female is what? Caused by what?
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vaginal candidiasis.
Caused by Candida albicans |
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Candida infection of the vagina produces what?
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A thick discharge and consistency of cottage cheese.
Accompanied by itching |
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Candida albicans are part of the normal microbial flora. True or False?
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True
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Cervical cancer (caused by HPV) is most treatable when it is diagnosed and treated early. True or False?
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True
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