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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which bacterium has a nonpolysaccharide capsule?
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Bacillus anthracis
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What is the chemical composition of a spore?
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Keratin-like coat and dipicolinic acid
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What bacterial structure mediates adherence to inert surfaces (eg, indwelling catheters)?
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Glycocalyx (Polysaccharide)
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What structures are unique to gram-positive organisms?
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Teichoic acid, cell wall
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What structures are unique to gram-negative organisms?
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Outer membrane (endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide), beta-lactamases in periplasmic space
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What is between the capsule and peptidoglycan layers in gram-negative organisms?
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The outer membrane (endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide)
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Congo Stain
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Used to visualize Amyloid
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Giemsa stain
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Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, and Chlamydia. "Chlams contain Gems"
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PAS stain
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Periodic-Acid-Schiff. Stain glycogen and mucopolysaccharides, Tropheryma whippelii and alpha-1-antitrypsin
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Ziehl-Neelsen
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Acid-fast organisms due to high mycolic acid content. Nocardia, Mycobacteria, Cryptosporidium
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India Ink
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Cryptococcus Neoformans
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Silver Stain
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Fungi (Pneumocystis, Apergillus), Legionella
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Haemophilus influenzae requires what medium to grow?
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Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires what medium to grow?
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Thayer-Martin (VPN) media. Vanco (gram+), Polymyxin (gram-) , Nystatin (fungi).
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Bordetella pertussis requires what medium to grow?
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Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
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Which media are used to culture Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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Tellurite plate, Loeffler's medium
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires what medium to grow?
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Löwenstein-Jensen agar. "TB in the LOWEr lobes"
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Lactose-fermenting enterics on MacConkey's agar grow colonies that are what color?
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Pink
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Legionella requires what medium to grow?
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Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine
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Fungi require what medium to grow?
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Sabouraud's agar
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In what media can Mycoplasma pneumoniae grow?
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Eaton's agar. "Eaton is cold tonight (cold agglutinins)"
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E. coli can grow on what medium?
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Eosin-methylene blue agar
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What is the appearance of E. coli when it is grown on eosin-methylene blue agar?
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Colonies with blue-black color and metallic sheen
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Obligate Aerobes
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Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus. "Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
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Obligate Anaerobes
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Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces. "anaerobes Can't Breathe Air"
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Obligate Intracellular
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Rickettsia, Chlamydia. Can't make their own ATP. "stay inside when it is Really Cold". Think of their place in First Aid as well.
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Facultative Intracellular
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Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella. "Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy"
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Encapsulated Bacteria
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Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenza type B, Neisseria Meningitidis, Salmonella, group B strep. "Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies"
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Urease positive bugs
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Proteus, Klebsiella, H. Pylori, Ureaplasma. "Particular Kinds Have Urease"
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Red pigment when cultured
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Serratia Marcescens
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Staph Aureus Protein A
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Binds Fc region of Ig. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis.
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IgA protease
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Enzyme that cleaves IgA. Secreted by SHiN in order to colonize respiratory mucosa
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Group A strep M protein
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Prevents phagocytosis. Cross reaction leads to Rheumatic Fever.
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Superantigens directly bind to which two receptors?
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Major histocompatibility complex II on macrophage and T-lymphocyte receptor
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The binding of superantigens to MHC II and T-cell receptor results in the widespread release of what factors?
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Interferon-γ and IL-2
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ADP ribosylating toxin components
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B - binding and endocytosis. A - active component attaches ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein (ADP ribosylation), altering protein function.
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Corynebacterium diptheriae exotoxin
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Inactivates EF-2 -> pharyngitis and pseudomembrane.
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Pseudomonas exotoxin A
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Inactivates EF-2 similar to Diptheria.
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Vibrio cholerae exotoxin
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ADP ribosylation of Gs protein -> adenylyl cylase stimulation -> Cl- out and decreased Na+ in -> diarrhea
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ETEC exotoxin
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Heat labile toxin stimulates Adenylate cyclase, heat stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase -> diarrhea.
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Pertussis exotoxin
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Inhibits Gi -> increased cAMP -> whooping cough. Inhibits chemokine receptor -> lymphocytosis.
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Clostridium Perfringens exotoxin
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Alpha toxin (lecithinase), acts as a phospholipase to cleave cell membranes -> gas gangrene. Shows double zone of hemolysis.
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Clostridium Tetani exotoxin
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Tetanospasmin blocks GABA and glycine
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Clostridium Botulinum exotoxin
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Blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction.
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Bacillus Anthracis exotoxin
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Edema factor, part of the toxin complex, is an adenylate cyclase.
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Shigella exotoxin
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Shiga toxin (also produced by E. Coli O157:H7 cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome). Enhances cytokine release -> HUS
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Streptococcus Pyogenes Exotoxin
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Streptolysin O, a hemolysin. Antigen for ASO antibody used in diagnosis of rheumatic fever.
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LPS (Lipid A) -> macrophages -> release ?
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IL-1 (Fever), TNF (Fever, hemorrhagic tissue necrosis), NO (Hypotension)
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LPS (Lipid A) -> complement alternate pathway -> ?
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C3a (hypotension, edema), C5a (Neutrophil chemotaxis)
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LPS (Lipid A) -> Factor XII activation (Hageman factor) -> ?
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Coagulation cascade -> DIC
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Transformation
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DNA taken up from environment. Common among SHiN. "Transformers gain the ability of those they swallow"
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Conjugation - F+ x F-
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Transfer of Plasmid DNA through pilus
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Conjugation Hfr x F-
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Transfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes through pilus.
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Transposition
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Segments of DNA excised and reincorporated. Can be between plasmid and chromosome. "rePOSITION things"
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Transduction - Generalized
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Accidental packaging of bacterial DNA into phage, without chromosomal incorporation.
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Transduction - Specialized
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Sloppy packaging of bacterial DNA into phage, with chromosomal incorporation.
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Lysogeny
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Bacterial toxins encoded in phage.
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Lysogenic bacteria
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shigA-like toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diptheria toxin, Erythrogenic toxin (strep). "ABCDE"
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Beta-hemolytic bacteria
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Staph A, Strep A, Strep B, Listeria
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NO StRES
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Novobiocin - Saprophiticus Resistant, Epidermidis Sensitive
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OVRPS
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Optochin - Viridans Resistant, Pneumoniae Sensitive
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B-BRAS
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Bacitracin - B Resistant, A Sensitive
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Coagulase function
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Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
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Strep Pneumo illnesses
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MOPS -> Meningitis, Otitis media, Pneumonia, Sinusitis
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Organism causing sepsis in sickle cell and splenectomy patients
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Strep Pneumo
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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis bug
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Streptococcus Sanguis
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CAMP factor
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Produced by Group B Strep -> enlarges area of hemolylsis formed by S. Aureus
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Diptheria lab diagnosis
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Gram-positive rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules
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Spore formers
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Clostridia and Bacillus
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C. difficile toxins
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Toxin A (enterotoxin) binds to brush border of gut. Toxin B (cytotoxin) destroys cytoskeleton. Toxins in stool used for diagnosis.
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C. Difficile treatment
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Metronidazole. Vancomycin (oral, not absorbed)
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Only bacterium with polypeptide capsule
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Bacillus Anthracis. Capsul contains D-glutamate
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Actin rockets
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Seen in listeria, which help move from cell to cell
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Listeria motility
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Tumbling motility
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Listeria culture
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Grows in cold
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Actinomyces Symptoms
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Oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts in skin. Normal oral flora. Anaerobe.
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Nocardia Symptoms
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Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients. Weakly acid fast aerobe in soil.
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Actinomyces vs Nocardia Treatment
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SNAP: Sulfa for Nocardia. Actinomyces use Penicillin.
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
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Disseminated disease in AIDS.
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M. Avium-intracellulare prophylaxis
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Azithromycin in HIV patients
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Mycobacterium Leprae forms
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Lepromatous -> diffusely over skin, communicable, develops in those with weak T-cell-mediated immunity. Tuberculoid -> few hypoesthetic skin nodules (patients with intact T-cell response).
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Mycobacterium Leprae conditions
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Cool temperatures. Infects skin and superficial nerves
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Mycobacterium treatment
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Long-term oral dapsone (toxicity is hemolysis and methemoglobinemia) or clofazimine + dapsone, or rifampin.
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Lactose-fermenting enterics
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macConKEE'S agar. Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E. Coli, Enterobacter, Serratia.
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Which gram-negative cocci ferment maltose?
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Meningococci and H. Influenza prophylaxis
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Rifampin in close contacts
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What kind of culture is required to grow Haemophilus influenzae?
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Chocolate agar with factors V (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and X (hematin). Can also be grown with S. Aureus, which provides factor V
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The Haemophilus influenzae vaccine antigen is conjugated to what compound?
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Diphtheria toxoid
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H. Influenza shape
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Coccobacillary
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H. Influenza diseases
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haEMOPhilus -> Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Otitis Media, Pneumonia
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What kind of medium is used to grow Legionella pneumophila?
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Charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine
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What is the treatment of choice for Legionnaires' disease?
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Erythromycin
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Legionella pneumophila causes Legionnaires' disease as well as a milder disease called _____.
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Pontiac's fever, a mild influenza
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Clinical test for Legionella
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Urine antigen
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Pseudomonas diseases
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PSEUDOmOnas -> Pneumonia, Sepsis, External Otitis, UTI, Drug use, Diabetic Osteomyelitis, hOt tub folliculitis.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an _____ (aerobic/anaerobic) gram- _____ (positive/negative) _____ (rod/cocci), a lactose _____(fermenter/nonfermenter), and oxidase _____ (positive/negative)
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Aerobic grame-negative rode lactose nonfermenter and oxidase-positive.
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What is the treatment of choice for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection?
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Aminoglycoside plus an extended-spectrum penicillin (eg, piperacillin, ticarcillin)
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Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Proteus belong to which bacterial family?
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Enterobacteriaceae
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Pseudomonas pigment and odor
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Blue-green pigment with grapelike odor
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E. Coli fimbriae
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Allow Cystitis and pyelonephritis
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E. Coli K capsule
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Allow pneumonia and neonatal meningitis
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E. Coli LPS endotoxin
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Allow septic shock
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EIEC
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Enteroinvasive. Produces Shiga-like toxin after invasion -> necrosis and inflammation. Dysentery
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ETEC
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Enterotoxigenic. Labile toxin / stable toxin. Cholera-like watery traveler's diarrhea
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EPEC
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Enteropathogenic. Adheres to surface -> flattening villi -> preventing absorption -> diarrhea. Often in pediatrics.
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EHEC
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Enterohemmorhagic. Produces Shiga-like toxin and HUS. Distinguished from other E. coli by not fermenting sorbitol.
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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Triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure. Endothelial injury -> platelet activation -> microthrombi -> schistocytes.
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Which leukocyte response is seen in salmonellosis?
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Monocyte response
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A woman presents to the clinic with fever, diarrhea, headache, and rose spots on her abdomen. What is the most common bacteria that causes this disease?
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The woman has typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi . Ability to remain in gallbladder.
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Which is able to produce H2S, Salmonella or Shigella?
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Salmonella
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Shigella propulsion
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Propel themselves within cell by actin polymerization.
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Campylobacter jejuni disease
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Bloody diarrhea in children. Antecedent to Guillan-Barre.
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Campylobacter jejuni transmission
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Fecal-oral through foods such as poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk. Domestic animal to human transmission "CAMPing with dogs and cats"
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Campylobacter identification
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Comma or S-shaped, grows at 42 C. "CAMPylobacter like the hot CAMPfire"
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Vibrio cholerae Tx:
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Prompt oral rehydration.
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Cholerae identification
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Comma shaped, oxidase positive, grows in alkaline media.
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Yersinia enterocolitica transmission
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Pet feces, milk, pork, day care centers.
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Describe the two options for triple therapy for H. pylori.
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(1) Bismuth, metronidazole, and either tetracycline or amoxicillin; or (2) (more costly) metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin
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How does H. pylori produce an alkaline environment?
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Helicobacter pylori creates an alkaline environment by cleaving urea to ammonia with urease
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3 spirochetes
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Borrelia (Big size), Leptospira, and Treponema (remember: BLT)
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Leptospira interrogans
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Spirochete question mark shaped bacteria found in water contaminated with animal urine.
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Leptospirosis
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Flulike symptoms, jaundice, photophobia, conjunctivitis. Most prevalent among surfers in the tropics.
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Weil's Disease
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(Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis) More severe with liver and kidney dysfunction
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Lyme Disease bug and transmission
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Borrelia Burgdorferi, transmitted by the tick Ixodes (also vector for Babesia, a parasite). Mice are reservoirs and deer are required for life cycle.
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Lyme Disease rash
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Erythema Chronicum migrans - expanding bull's eye red rash with central clearing
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Lyme disease stages
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Stage 1: erythema chronicum migrans and flu-like symptoms; stage 2: neurologic (Bell's Palsy) and cardiac manifestations (AV block); stage 3: autoimmune migratory polyarthritis
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Lyme disease treatment
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Doxycycline, ceftriaxone
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1 syphilis
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Painless chancre
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2 syphilis
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Maculopapular rash (palms and soles), condylomata lata
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3 syphilis
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Gummas (chronic granulomas throughout body), aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction), neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis -> broad based ataxia, positive Romberg, Charcot joint, stroke without hypertension), Argyll Robertson pupil
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What signs and symptoms are associated with congenital syphilis?
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Saber shins (anterior tibial bowing), saddle-nose deformity, neurological (CN VIII) deafness, and Hutchinson's teeth, mulberry molars
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What do negative VRDL and positive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test results indicate?
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Successful treatment of syphilis
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A positive VDRL indicates that antibodies have formed against what?
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Beef cardiolipin
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Bartonella
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Cat scratch fever and Bacillary Angiomatosis (cranberry-like pustules) in immunocompromised (often confused with Kaposi's sarcoma)
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Borrelia recurrentis
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Recurrent fever from variable surface antigens. Transmitted by Lice
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Brucella
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Brucellosis / undulant fever. Transmitted by dairy products, contact with animals.
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Francisella Tularensis
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Tularemia. Transmitted by tick bite, rabitts, deer.
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Yersinia Pestis
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The Plague. Transmitted by flea bite, rodents, especially prairie dogs.
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Pasteurella Multocida
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Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis. Transmitted by animal bites from cats and dogs
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Gardnerella Vaginalis
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I don't have a CLUE why I smell FISH in the VAGINA GARDEN!
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Gardnerella Vaginalis symptoms and discharge
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Gray and nonpainful.
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Gardnerella Vaginalis Tx:
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Metronidazole
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What anaerobic bacteria other than Gardnerella vaginalis is frequently involved in vaginosis?
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Mobiluncus
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Rickettsiae environment
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Obligate intracellular -> needs CoA and NAD+. All except Rickettsia transmitted by arthropod.
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Rickettsiae treatment
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Doxycycline
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Rocky Moutain Spotted Fever organism
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Transmitted by tick. Rickettsia rickettsii.
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Endemic typhus
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Transmitted by fleas. Rickettsia Typhi
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Epidemic Typhus
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Transmitted by lice. Rickettsia Prowazekii
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Ehrlichiosis
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Transmitted by tick. No rash. Granulocytes with berry cluster organisms.
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Q fever
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Transmitted by tick feces and cattle placenta release of spores that are inhaled as aerosols. Coxiella burnetii. "Queer because it has no rash, no vector, negative Weil-Felix"
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Rickettsial rash
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Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhus on the Trunk.
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What is the classic triad of symptoms caused by a rickettsial infection?
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Fever, headache, and rash (vasculitis)
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Weil-Felix reaction
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Patient serum mixed with Proteus antigens -> antirickettsial antibodies cross-react to Proteus O antigens and agglutinate.
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Palm and sole rashes
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CARS. Coxsackie A, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Syphilis.
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Why are Chlamydiae intracellular
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Cannot make their own ATP.
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The chlamydial cell wall is unique in that is lacks _____ _____.
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Muramic acid
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Elementary Body of Chlamydiae
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Elementary body (small, dense) is Enfectious, Enters cells by Endocytosis
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Reticulate Body of Chlamydiae
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Reticulate body Replicates in cell by fission; form seen on tissue culture.
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Chlamydiae Dx:
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Cytoplasmic inclusions on Giemsa or flourescent antibody-stained smear.
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Chlamydiae Pneumoniae and psittaci
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Cause atypical pneumonia, transmitted by aerosol. Psittaci has avian resevoir -> Parrot fever
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Chlamydia Trachomatis Types A,B,C
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Africa / Blindness / Chronic Infection
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Chlamydia Trachomatis Types D-K
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Urethritis / PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough), neonatal conjunctivitis
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Chlamydia Trachomatis Types L1,L2,L3
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Lymphogranuloma Venereum -> Lymphatic infection
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Chlamydia vs Neisseria arthritis
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Chlamydia - reactive arthritis. Neisseria - Septic Arthritis
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True or False: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the only bacteria with a membrane that contains cholesterol.
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True
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Cause of walking pneumoniae
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
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