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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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morphology of endothelium
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long axes parallel to direction of blood flow. supported by basement membrane
cellular attachments electron dense bodies with von Willebrand factor (coagulation factor VIII) |
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what joins the cells of endothelium?
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zoluae occludens, adherents, desmosomes and communicate via gap juntions
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functions of endothelium
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selective barrier
non thrombogenic barrier prothombogenic substance secrection modulate blood flow modulate immune/inflammation hormonal synthesis lipoprotein oxidation |
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endothelium and selective permeability barrier
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diffusion/active transport: small hydrophilic/phobic molecules like gases, glucose, amino acids
pinocytotic vesicles: small molecules/water/soluble proteins receptor mediated endocytosis: LDL, cholesterol, transferrin fenestrations: larger molecules |
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endothelium and non-thrombogenic barrier
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normal conditions
producte anti-thombogenic substances: prostacyclin, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombomodulin |
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endothelium and prothrombogenic substances
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after injure: thromboplastin, von Willebrand, plasminogen activator inhibitor
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endothelium and blood flow modulation
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endothelin, ACE, vasodilators
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endothelium and immune/inflammation
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leukocyte adhesion molecules/their receptors can be expressed
interleukins |
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endothelium and hormonal synthesis
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growt factors
inhibitory factors angiotensin i to II inactive blood borne compounds: epi, thrombin, prostaglandins, bradykinin, serotonin |
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lipoprotein oxidation
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free radicals for oxidation of LDLs, cholesterol, VLDLs
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foam cells
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produced as first step in atherosclerotic plaque
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3 layers of vascular system
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tunica intima
tunica media tunica adventitia |
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tunica intima
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endothelium + basement membrane
subendothelial layer of loose CT |
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tunica media
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muscle cells
elastin, collagen in variable amounts |
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tunica adventitia
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longitudinal collagen fibers, few elastic fibers
veins have it more developed |
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nervi vasuclaris:
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ANS to control large arteries in tunica adventitia
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vasa vasorum
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vessels to give oxygen to arteries and veins.
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walls of atria and ventricles
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i. Endocardium
ii. Myocardium iii. Epicardium |
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layers of heart
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endocardium: subendothelial layer and subendocardial layer (in ventricular wall)
myocardium epicaridum |
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myocardium
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cadiac muscle cells
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epicardium
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contains the vessesls, nerves, ganglia
adpose tissue |
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septum membranaceum
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in interventricular septa
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annuli fibrosi
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4 around each arteries
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trigona fibrosa
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2 triangular masses to connect orifices and their annuli fibrosi
dense connective tissue. can contain chondroid |
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AV valve histology
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spongiosa: atrial side
fibrosa: originate at annuli fibrosi centricularis: dense CT with elastic fibers...continuous w/chorae tendineae |
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semilunar valves
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fibrocartilage plates...collagenous/elastic fibers in middle...connected ot annuli fibrosi
forms nodulus Arranti |
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SA node
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spindle shaped muscle fibers
sets the pace of rhythm |
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AV node
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similar to SA node
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AV bundle
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L and R branches. L bifurcates again
they travel to myocardium |
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pukinje fiber histology
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few myofibrils, lots of glycogen at central core
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nerves to heart
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vagaus and sympathetic innervation through plexusus
present near SA/AV nodes, in subendocardial layer |
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artery hierarchy
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elastic artery
muscular artery small artery arteriole capillary |
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veins
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venules
small veins medium veins large veins |
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elastic arteries
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tunica media: lotsa of elastin. 40-70 layers, fenestrated. spiral smooth muscle
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subsidiary pump
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elastic recoil of elastic arteries which maintains a flow of blood
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what synthesized extracellular matrix in media of elastic arteries?
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smooth muscle!
no fibroblasts present! |
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what is tunica adventitia like in elastic arteries?
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thin. has:
collagen fibroblasts macrophages blood vessels vasa vasorum (too thick for diffusion from lumen) |
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intima of muscular arteries
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has elastica interna. looks convoluted
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tunica media of muscular arteries
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varies in thickness. smooth muscles with gap junctions
also has collagen, loose elastic laminae. NO FIBROBLASTS |
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adventitia of muscular arteries
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wider than media
loose consistency...similar to elastic but has elastic externa unmylenated nerves on outer aspect NT can diffuse through fenestrae connective tissue with vasa vasorum |
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arteriole intima
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endothelium, elastica interna
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media of arteriole
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1-2 layers of smooth muscle
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adventita of arteriole
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loose connective tissue
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capillaries
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have endothelial cells (bound by occluding junctions)
and pericytes (enclosed in basal lamina) |
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thoroughfare channels
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formed by metarteriole
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metarteriole
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smooth muscle cells in < #s from proximal to distal
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precapillary sphincters
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formed by smooth muscle cells
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arteriovenous anastomoses
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coiled arterioles with thick richly innervated smooth muscle cells
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where are pinocytotic vesicles active?
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continouous capillaries with thin endothelium
muscle...lung...exocrine glands...nervous tissue |
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what allows for rapid exchange in capillaries?
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fenestrated capillaries.
some areas have pores, covered by thin diaphragm. pancreas...GI tract...endocrine glands... |
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renal glomerulus capilalries
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pores dont have diaphragms
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sinusoidal capillaries
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large diameter
irregular cross sections discontinous endothelial lining large fenestrations NO diaphragms discontinous basal lamina BONE MARROW...LIVER...SPLEEN... rapid exchange! |
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as venules get large
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smooth muscle appears...along wit tunica media/tunica intima
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small vein intima
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has endothelium
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small vein media
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few smooth muscle cells
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small vein adventitia
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connective tissue
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medium vein intima
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endothelium
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medium vein media
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smooth muscle and collagen
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medium vein adventitia
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connective tissue
vasa vasorum lymps |
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large vein intima
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endothelium
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large vein media
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circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers (few)
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large vein adventitia
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connective tissue
longituidnal bundles fo smooth muscle fibers vasa vasorum lymphatics |
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as venules get large
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smooth muscle appears...along wit tunica media/tunica intima
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small vein intima
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has endothelium
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small vein media
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few smooth muscle cells
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small vein adventitia
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connective tissue
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medium vein intima
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endothelium
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medium vein media
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smooth muscle and collagen
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medium vein adventitia
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connective tissue
vasa vasorum lymps |
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large vein intima
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endothelium
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large vein media
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circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers (few)
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large vein adventitia
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connective tissue
longituidnal bundles fo smooth muscle fibers vasa vasorum lymphatics |
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lymph walls
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have thinner walls
and have valves in larger vessels |
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lymph capillaries
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blind ended vessels.
aka incomplete basal lamina |
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anchoring filaments of lymps
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connect capillaries to surrounding collagen fiber - keep em open during greater pressure (edema)
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lymphatic vessels
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larger media with longitudinal/circular smooth muscle
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lymph adventitia
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undeveloped (relatively)
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