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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
embryologically, where does the liver arise from
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epithelial bud from primitive gut (endoderm)
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what are the 5 main liver functions
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synthesis: plasma proteins, clotting factors, sugars, lipids, urea and ketone bodies
Secretion: Bile salts and bile acids Excretion: waste products as bile pigments biotransformation: toxic substances for elimination from the body Metabolism: lipids, proteins, CHOs |
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what are the difference between hepatocytes, lobes, and lobules
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hepatocyte: liver cell
lobe: big palpable segments of the liver lobule: divisions of the liver at a histological level |
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what are the two "coverings" of the liver
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fibrous capsule: covers outside surface; dense irregular CT with elastic fibers
serous membrane: interlobular and intralobular CT; covered by mesothelial cell; loose CT |
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are liver lobules distictive in most animals
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no, only in the pig
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at least one surface of any hepatocyte in the liver touches a ____, this is critical to its function
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sinusoid
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what is important about the corners of the lobules
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all species have distinctive CT at corners of the lobules called portal areas (canal, tract)
this is the location of the portal triad, nerves, small lymphatic vessels, interlobular CT |
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hepatocytes are metabolically active and possess an extensive body of
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mitochondria, ribosomes, RER, and Golgi apparatus
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what is the order of how bile leaves the lobule
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released into the canaliculi,
flow to the portal triad, enter the bile ducts, empty into the interlobular biliary ducts, leads to the merging intrahepatic ducts, extrahepatic ducts (hepatic ducts, cystic duct, common bile duct), empties the gallbladder before entering the duodenum |
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what do the bile canaliculi have on either side of them
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hepatocytes
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what joins the hepatocytes
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tight junctions
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what are hepatic sinusoids
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capillaries that connect the interlobular vessels, hepatic artery, and portal vein to the central vein
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what surrounds the sinusoid
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perisinusoidal space
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what are the intralobular vessels
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sinusoids
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how are hepatocytes arranged in the lobules
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in cord or plate-like structures
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how many nuclei do hepatocytes have
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1 or 2
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can the liver regenerate
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it is a highly regenerative organ
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what are the 4 types of cells you would see in the liver
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hepatocytes
fixed, stellate macrophages (MO) fat storage cells (Ito cells) endothelial cells |
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where are the MOs located in the liver
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on the endothelial cells within the perisinusoidal space
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where are fat storage cells in the liver located
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in perisinusoidal space
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what vitamin do fat storage cells store and what do they produce
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Vit A
produce reticulum (hepatocyte growth factor) |
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what is found within the perisinusoidal space
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sinusoidal lining cells
stelate macrophage cells Ito cells |
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what part of the biliary system is exclusively within the lobules
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bile canaliculi
biliary ductules |
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is there extension of nerves into the lobule
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no
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what type of nerves innervate the liver
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vasomotor
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what vessels bring blood into the liver
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hepatic a: oxygenated blood (nutritional supply)
hepatic portal v: nutrient-rich (functional supply) |
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what vessels bring blood out of the liver
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hepatic veins
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what vessel brings the majority of the blood to the liver
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hepatic portal vein (80%)
hepatic artery (20%) |
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order of how blood enters and leaves the liver
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hepatic a/portal v enter at the porta,
branch and give rise to interlobular hepatic a/ portal v, hepatic sinusoid, central v, sublobular v, hepatic v, vena cava |
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where are lymphatics located in the liver
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interlobular lymph vessels
perisinusoidal space |
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what are the important facts about nerves in the liver
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predominantly nonmyelinated
sympathetic DO NOT GO INTO LOBULES |
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what are the 3 concepts of liver lobules
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classical (morphological)
portal lobule (secretory) hepatic acinus (vascular) |
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what is the classical liver lobule
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six sided around central v
blood flows from periphery to center of lobule |
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what is the portal lobule
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secretory
triangle around portal triad corners of triangle are central veins |
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what is the hepatic acinus
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vascular
diamond shaped around artery 3 regions: peripheral, immediate, centrolobular |
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what make the points for the portal and acinus
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p: 3 points on 3 separate central v
a: 2 points on central v, 2 points on portal canals |
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looking at a slid how might you be able to ID hepatitis
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the hepatocytes that are normally arranged in cords are all broken up
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what are the parts of the gall bladder
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body
neck cystic duct |
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what are the layers of the gall bladder
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mucosa: simple columnar with microvilli
lamina propria-submucosa tunica muscularis (smooth m) tunica serosa (serosa) |
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what are the functions of the gallbladder
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storage
concentrates acidifies delivers bile to duodenum |
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what innervates the gallbladder
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autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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bile exits the gall bladder via
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the cystic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum
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what is important about cholecytokinin
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they are released from DNES cells in the stomach/duodenum
cause sphincter relaxation and contraction of smooth m in wall of gall bladder |
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what species do not have a gallbladder
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horse
rat camelids deer pigeon |