Micro Anat Lecture 1 Digestive Sys Liver And Gall Bladder

Front 1

embryologically, where does the liver arise from

Back 1

epithelial bud from primitive gut (endoderm)

Front 2

what are the 5 main liver functions

Back 2

synthesis: plasma proteins, clotting factors, sugars, lipids, urea and ketone bodies
Secretion: Bile salts and bile acids
Excretion: waste products as bile pigments
biotransformation: toxic substances for elimination from the body
Metabolism: lipids, proteins, CHOs

Front 3

what are the difference between hepatocytes, lobes, and lobules

Back 3

hepatocyte: liver cell
lobe: big palpable segments of the liver
lobule: divisions of the liver at a histological level

Front 4

what are the two "coverings" of the liver

Back 4

fibrous capsule: covers outside surface; dense irregular CT with elastic fibers
serous membrane: interlobular and intralobular CT; covered by mesothelial cell; loose CT

Front 5

are liver lobules distictive in most animals

Back 5

no, only in the pig

Front 6

at least one surface of any hepatocyte in the liver touches a ____, this is critical to its function

Back 6

sinusoid

Front 7

what is important about the corners of the lobules

Back 7

all species have distinctive CT at corners of the lobules called portal areas (canal, tract)
this is the location of the portal triad, nerves, small lymphatic vessels, interlobular CT

Front 8

hepatocytes are metabolically active and possess an extensive body of

Back 8

mitochondria, ribosomes, RER, and Golgi apparatus

Front 9

what is the order of how bile leaves the lobule

Back 9

released into the canaliculi,
flow to the portal triad,
enter the bile ducts,
empty into the interlobular biliary ducts,
leads to the merging intrahepatic ducts,
extrahepatic ducts (hepatic ducts, cystic duct, common bile duct),
empties the gallbladder before entering the duodenum

Front 10

what do the bile canaliculi have on either side of them

Back 10

hepatocytes

Front 11

what joins the hepatocytes

Back 11

tight junctions

Front 12

what are hepatic sinusoids

Back 12

capillaries that connect the interlobular vessels, hepatic artery, and portal vein to the central vein

Front 13

what surrounds the sinusoid

Back 13

perisinusoidal space

Front 14

what are the intralobular vessels

Back 14

sinusoids

Front 15

how are hepatocytes arranged in the lobules

Back 15

in cord or plate-like structures

Front 16

how many nuclei do hepatocytes have

Back 16

1 or 2

Front 17

can the liver regenerate

Back 17

it is a highly regenerative organ

Front 18

what are the 4 types of cells you would see in the liver

Back 18

hepatocytes
fixed, stellate macrophages (MO)
fat storage cells (Ito cells)
endothelial cells

Front 19

where are the MOs located in the liver

Back 19

on the endothelial cells within the perisinusoidal space

Front 20

where are fat storage cells in the liver located

Back 20

in perisinusoidal space

Front 21

what vitamin do fat storage cells store and what do they produce

Back 21

Vit A
produce reticulum (hepatocyte growth factor)

Front 22

what is found within the perisinusoidal space

Back 22

sinusoidal lining cells
stelate macrophage cells
Ito cells

Front 23

what part of the biliary system is exclusively within the lobules

Back 23

bile canaliculi
biliary ductules

Front 24

is there extension of nerves into the lobule

Back 24

no

Front 25

what type of nerves innervate the liver

Back 25

vasomotor

Front 26

what vessels bring blood into the liver

Back 26

hepatic a: oxygenated blood (nutritional supply)
hepatic portal v: nutrient-rich (functional supply)

Front 27

what vessels bring blood out of the liver

Back 27

hepatic veins

Front 28

what vessel brings the majority of the blood to the liver

Back 28

hepatic portal vein (80%)
hepatic artery (20%)

Front 29

order of how blood enters and leaves the liver

Back 29

hepatic a/portal v enter at the porta,
branch and give rise to interlobular hepatic a/ portal v,
hepatic sinusoid,
central v,
sublobular v,
hepatic v,
vena cava

Front 30

where are lymphatics located in the liver

Back 30

interlobular lymph vessels
perisinusoidal space

Front 31

what are the important facts about nerves in the liver

Back 31

predominantly nonmyelinated
sympathetic
DO NOT GO INTO LOBULES

Front 32

what are the 3 concepts of liver lobules

Back 32

classical (morphological)
portal lobule (secretory)
hepatic acinus (vascular)

Front 33

what is the classical liver lobule

Back 33

six sided around central v
blood flows from periphery to center of lobule

Front 34

what is the portal lobule

Back 34

secretory
triangle around portal triad
corners of triangle are central veins

Front 35

what is the hepatic acinus

Back 35

vascular
diamond shaped around artery
3 regions: peripheral, immediate, centrolobular

Front 36

what make the points for the portal and acinus

Back 36

p: 3 points on 3 separate central v
a: 2 points on central v, 2 points on portal canals

Front 37

looking at a slid how might you be able to ID hepatitis

Back 37

the hepatocytes that are normally arranged in cords are all broken up

Front 38

what are the parts of the gall bladder

Back 38

body
neck
cystic duct

Front 39

what are the layers of the gall bladder

Back 39

mucosa: simple columnar with microvilli
lamina propria-submucosa
tunica muscularis (smooth m)
tunica serosa (serosa)

Front 40

what are the functions of the gallbladder

Back 40

storage
concentrates
acidifies
delivers bile to duodenum

Front 41

what innervates the gallbladder

Back 41

autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Front 42

bile exits the gall bladder via

Back 42

the cystic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum

Front 43

what is important about cholecytokinin

Back 43

they are released from DNES cells in the stomach/duodenum
cause sphincter relaxation and contraction of smooth m in wall of gall bladder

Front 44

what species do not have a gallbladder

Back 44

horse
rat
camelids
deer
pigeon