Micro

Front 1

Monoploid number

Back 1

The number of chromosomes in a single non-homologous set
Diploid - monoploid x 2

Front 2

Haploid number

Back 2

The number of chromosomes in a gamete of an individual

Front 3

Genotype

Back 3

Genetic composition of an organism, it's entire complement of DNA

Front 4

Phenotype

Back 4

The expression of the genes: the proteins of the cells and the properties they confer on the organism

Front 5

Spontaneous mutation

Back 5

Occur without the presence of any mutagen

Front 6

Frameshift mutations

Back 6

Insertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA
Deletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA.

Front 7

Point mutations

Back 7

Caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication
* Silent mutations: which code for the same amino acid.
* Missense mutations: which code for a different amino acid.
* Nonsense mutations: which code for a stop and can truncate the protein.

Front 8

Identifying mutants

Back 8

Mutants can be detected by selecting or testing for an altered phenotype.
Positive (direct) selection
Negative (indirect) selection- replica plating

Front 9

Positive (direct) selection

Back 9

involves the detection of mutant cells by rejection of the unmutated parent cells (only a mutants resistant to penicillin can grow an a medium cont. penicillin)

Front 10

Negative (indirect) selection

Back 10

Select a cell that cannot perform a certain function.
Replica plating.

Front 11

Auxotroph

Back 11

Any mutant organism having a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent

Front 12

Transformation

Back 12

Genes are transferred from one bacteria to another as "naked" DNA in solution

Front 13

Conjugation

Back 13

Require contact between living cells.
F+ - genetic donor, F- - recipient.
Hfr cell - High frequency of recombination cell.

Front 14

Transduction

Back 14

DNA is passed from one bacteria to another in a bacteriophage and is then incorporated into the recipient's DNA
Generalized T. - any bacterial genes can be transferred.

Front 15

Plasmids

Back 15

An extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.

Front 16

Transposons

Back 16

Sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called transposition. In the process, they can cause mutations and change the amount of DNA in the genome. Transposons were also once called "jumping genes", and are examples of mobile genetic elements.

Front 17

Recombinant DNA

Back 17

DNA that has been artificially manipulated to combine genes from two different sources.

Front 18

Recombinant DNA Technologies

Back 18

1. A desired gene is inserted into a DNA vector (plasmid or a viral genome)
2. The vector inserts the DNA into a new cell, which is grown to form a clone.
3. Large quantities of the gene product can be harvested from the clone.

Front 19

Fungi

Back 19

Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs. Most are decomposers, and a few are parasites of plants and animals.
Mycology - study of a fungi.

Front 20

Cyanobacteria

Back 20

blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria include unicellular and colonial species. Colonies may form filaments, sheets or even hollow balls. Some filamentous colonies show the ability to differentiate into several different cell types

Front 21

Host range

Back 21

Spectrum of cells in which virus can multiply

Front 22

General characteristic of viruses

Back 22

Contain a single type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat, sometimes enclosed by an envelope composed of lipids, proteins and carbs.

Front 23

Virion

Back 23

Complete, fully developed viral particle composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat

Front 24

Capsid

Back 24

the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus. Composed of subunits, capsomers. Sometimes enclosed by an envelope consisting of lipids, proteins and carbs.

Front 25

Lytic cycle (short)

Back 25

virus that has entered a cell takes over the cell's replication mechanism, makes viral DNA and viral proteins, and then lyses (breaks open) the cell, allowing the newly produced viruses to leave the now disintegrated host cell to infect other cells.

Front 26

Lisogenic cycle (short)

Back 26

virus that has infected a cell attaches itself to the host DNA and, acting like an inert segment of the DNA, replicates when the host cell divides

Front 27

Retrovirus

Back 27

RNA virus that is replicated in a host cell via the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from its RNA genome. The DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme. The virus thereafter replicates as part of the host cell's DNA. Retroviruses are enveloped viruses that belong to the viral family Retroviridae.

Front 28

Antibiosis

Back 28

association of two organisms in which one is harmed or killed by the other

Front 29

Commensalism

Back 29

association of two organisms in which one is benefit, the other don't care

Front 30

Mutualism

Back 30

association of two organisms in which both benefit

Front 31

Opportunistic

Back 31

do not cause the disease under normal condition, cause disease under special condition.

Front 32

Virulence

Back 32

Virulence (also called pestiferousness) is the degree of pathogenicity of an organism: the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

Front 33

Development of a disease

Back 33

Incubation period, latency
Prodromal period
Period of illness, acute phase
Period of decline
Period of Convalescence

Front 34

occurrence of a disease

Back 34

sporadic - occurs ocasionally
endemic - constantly present in a population
epidemic - many people in a given area in a short time
pandemic - epidemic worldwide

Front 35

severity or duration of a disease

Back 35

acute
chronic
subacute
latent

Front 36

extent of host involvement

Back 36

local infection
systemic infection
primary, secondary infections
subclinical - no symptoms

Front 37

Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens.Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.

Back 37

IgA

Front 38

Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.

Back 38

IgD

Front 39

Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms

Back 39

IgE

Front 40

In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus.

Back 40

IgG

Front 41

Expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG

Back 41

IgM

Front 42

The most commonly used antibiotic for clinical treatment for systemic fungal diseases such as histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidiodomycosis.

Back 42

Amphotericin B

Front 43

Treatment of MRSA

Back 43

Vancomycin

Front 44

Antimicrobial drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Back 44

Izoniazid (INH)
Ethambutol (secondary drug, to avoid resistance problem)

Front 45

Erythromycin

Back 45

Macrolide.
Frequent alternative grug to penicillin. Can be administered orally - strep&staph infections in children.
Drug of choice for treatment of legionellosis, mycoplasmal pneumonia.

Front 46

Enzyme produced by many bacteris, esp. Staph. species, that cleave b-lactam ring of the penicillin molecule

Back 46

Penicillinase

Front 47

Test, often used to determine MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration)

Back 47

Broth dilution test

Front 48

Test that enables to estimate the MIC, the lowest antibiotic concentration that prevent visible bacterial grow

Back 48

E-test

Front 49

The most widely used test to indicate which chemotherapeutic agent is most likely to combat a specific pathogen

Back 49

The diffusion method

Front 50

Diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transferred to humans

Back 50

Zoonoses

Front 51

Destroy neutrophils and macrophages

Back 51

leukosidins

Front 52

local infection can be protected by a fibrin clot caused by which bacterial enzyme?

Back 52

coagulaze

Front 53

Siderophores

Back 53

helps bacteria to get iron from the host

Front 54

M protein

Back 54

virulence factor that can be produced by certain species of Streptococcus.

Front 55

Endotoxins

Back 55

The prototypical examples of endotoxin are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipo-oligo-saccharide (LOS) found in the outer membrane of various Gram-negative bacteria

Front 56

Exotoxin

Back 56

produced by bacteria and released into surrounding media.

Front 57

Antitoxin

Back 57

antibody against exotoxin

Front 58

Ergot

Back 58

toxin. Produced by fungy wich live on rye and related plants, and can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals
(Hallucination and Gangrene)