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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does mRNA do?
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carries messages from DNA to ribosomes to direct amino acid sequence of a protein
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What does tRNA do?
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carries amino acids from ribosomes for translation of information from mRNA
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What are the three uses for DNA?
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1.Binary fission via DNA replicatrion
2. Protein synthesis 3. genetic transfer and recombination |
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What occurs during transcription?
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DNA is transcribed to make RNA
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Transcription begins when __ _______ binds to the promotor sequence.
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RNA polymerase
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What occurs during translation?
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mRNA leaves DNA and attaches to ribosomes
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What is tRNAs role in translation?
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tRNA brings specific amino acids to make a protein. each tRNA has anticodon complementary to mRNA codon.
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Polyribosome
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single mRNA could be used by more than one ribosome at the same time in a prokaryotic cell.
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What is DNA replication catalyzed by?
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DNA polymerase
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DNA --> mRNA=______
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transcription
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mRNA --> protein synthesis = ___
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translation
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drugs; Quinolenes
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inhibit untwisting of DNA=no replication
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drugs; Rifampin
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binds to RNA polymerase=inhibits transcription at mRNA level
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drugs; tetracycline
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blocks attachment of tRNA to ribosome
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Vertical gene transfer
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occurs during reproduction,between generations of cells
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Horizontal gene transfer
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transfer of genes between cells of the same generation
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gene transfer;transformation
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gene transfer resulting from uptake of DNA from the environment
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gene transfer; transduction
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genetic transfer from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage
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gene transfer; Conjugation
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direct contact via pilli and transfer of plasmids responsible for antibiotic resistance
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gene transfer; transposons
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segment of DNA that can move from one location to another inside the same cell (jumping gene)
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Spontaneous mutations
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occur in the absence of a mutation
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silent mutations
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doesn't cause any change in activity of product encoded by the gene
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Point mutation/base substitution
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change in one base resulting in change of amino acid
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types of point mutations/base substitutions
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missense and nonsense
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missense mutation
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amino acid substitution
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nonsense mutation
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stop codon
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Frameshift mutation
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insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
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Mutation caused by nitrous acid HN)2
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change in DNA base pair, may cause birth defects and cancer, found in perserved meats
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mutation caused by nucleoside base analogs
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compounds that resemble bases, AZT
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Ionizing radiation (mutation)
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xrays, gamma rays cause the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deooxyribose phosphate backbone
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Non ionizing radiation (mutation)
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uv light; causes formation of covalent bonds between thymine dimers
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_________ causes thymine dimers, _______ separates thymine dimers.
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UV radiation; light-repair
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the study of fungi
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mycology
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family of fungus
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myceteae
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fungi; eu or pro
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eu
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fungi cell wall composed of
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chitin or cellulose
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fungi needs to produce _______ to reproduce
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spores
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almost all molds are
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aerobic
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almost all yeasts are
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facultative anaerobic
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Fungus causes disease in the host by produces toxins. T or F
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F-does not produce toxins
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Dimorphic
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property of fungi-can grow as mold (in environment) or as yeast(in human host)
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Fungal diseases are called...
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mycoses
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systemic mycoses
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deep in body
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subcutaneous mycoses
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beneath the skin
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cutaneous mycoses
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hair,skin, nails
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superficial mycoses shafts
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localized, e.g hair
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opportunistic mycoses
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caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are normally found in the environment
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fungi that causes cutaneous mycoses
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dermatophytes
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cutaneous mycoses 4 infections
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tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea capitis
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Three genera of fungi causing cutaneous infections
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microsporum, trichophytons, epidermophyton
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how cutaneous mycoses are diagnosed
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isolation, direct exam, wood's light
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Subcutaneous mycoses usually result from
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puncture wound by fungi contaminated object
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subcutaneous mycoses transmitted from person to person: T OR F
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FALSE
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Examples of systemic infections
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histoplasmosis and coccidiodomycosis
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examples of opportunistic mycoses
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infects ppl w immune deficiency, candid asis asperallosis
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protozoa eu or pro
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eu
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polymorphism of protozoa
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trophozoite--> cyst
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protozoa trophozoite
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active form, feeding and growing stage
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protozoa cyst
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resting form, forms in environment conditions and outside of host
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Protozoa benefits to human kind
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helps maintain ecological balance, devouring bacteria and phage, important in sewage treatment
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Protozoa are classified by their
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location
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protozoa w/psuedopods
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amoeba-causes dysentary
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Structure of virus
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genome and capsid
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shape of virus
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essentially symmetrical, helical, polyhedral or complex
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Three useful qualities of viruses
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vaccine development, gene therapy, tools to investigate host cells
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Viral multiplication-lytic cycle
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phage causes lysis and death of host cell
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Viral multiplication- lysogenic cycle
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prophage DNA incorporated into host DNA
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Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle)- attachment
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phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell
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Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle)- penetration
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phage lysozyme opens cell wall, injects its DNA into cell
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Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle)- Biosynthesis
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production of phage DNA and proteins
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Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle)- maturation
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assembly of phage particles
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Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle)-release
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phage lysozyme breaks cell wall
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DNA single stranded
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cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus
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DNA reverse transcriptase
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cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus, reverse transcriptase copies mRNA to make viral DNA
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RNA single + strand
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viral RNA is a template for synthesis of RNA polymerase
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RNA single - strand
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viral enzyme copies viral RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm
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RNA double stranded
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viral enzyme copies -strand RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm
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RNA, reverse transcriptase
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viral enzyme compies viral RNA to make DNA in cytoplasm
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activated _____ transform normal cells in cancerous cells
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oncogenes
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pathogenesis
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development of disease
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etiology
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cause of disease
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Symbiosis
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the relationship between normal microbiota and the host.
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Commensalism/symbiosis
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one organism benefits, other is not effected
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mutualism/symbiosis
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both organisms benefit
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In what three ways do normal microbiota protect their host
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occupying niches that pathogens might occupy, producing acids, producing bacteriocins
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live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
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probiotics
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locations of normal microbiota on and in host
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eyes, mouth, large intestine, nose and throat, urinary and reproductive tracts
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a change in body that can be measured or observed
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sign
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change in body, felt by patient as a result of disease
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symptom
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a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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syndrome
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sporadic disease
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occurs only occasionally in a population
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endemic
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disease constantly present in a population
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epidemic
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aquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
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pandemic
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an epidemic of infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region
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immunity in most of the population
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herd immunity
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acute disease
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A disease or disorder that lasts a short time, comes on rapidly, and is accompanied by distinct symptoms.
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chronic disease
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a disease that is long-lasting or recurrent
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subacute disease
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symptoms between acute and chronic
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latent disease
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disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive
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systemic infection
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an infection throughout the whole body
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focal infeciton
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systemic infection that began as a local infeciton
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bacteremia
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presense of bacteria in the blood
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septicemia
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growth of bacteria in the blood
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toxemia
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toxins in blood
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viremia
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viruses in blood
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primary infection
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acute infection that causes the initial illness
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secondary infection
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opportunistic infection after primary infection
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subclinical disease
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no noticeable signs or symptoms
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incubation stage of disease
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no signs
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prodromal period of disease
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nonspecific, mild symptoms, not always present, contagious
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illness stage of disease
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greatest symptoms
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decline stage of disease
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symptoms start to decline and immune system active
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convalescense stage of disease
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no more symptoms, tissue repaired, and healing
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reservoirs of infection
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animal, humans, nonliving(soil,water)
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vehicle disease transmission
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by an inanimate reservoir (food, water)
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vectors transmission of disease
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arthropods-fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
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mechanical transmission of disease by vector
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arthrpods carry pathogen on feet
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biological transmission of disease by vector
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pathogen reproduces in vector
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most predominant nosicomial infection is caused by
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gram + cocci
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Factors that contribute to emerging infectious disease
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genetic recombination, evolution of new strains, inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides
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Pathogenicity depends on
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virulence of the pathogen, # of initial organisms, immune status of infected person
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Portals of entry
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mucous membranes, skin, parenteral (deposited directly under the skin)
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kinases
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digest fibrin clots
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hyaluronidase
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hydrolyses hyaluronic acid
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collagenase
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hydrolyzes collagen
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IgA proteases
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destroy IgA antibodies
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siderophores
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take iron from host iron-binding proteins
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a substance that contributes to pathogenicity
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toxin
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the ability to produce a toxin
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toxigenicity
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Toxoid
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inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
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antitoxin
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antibodies against a specific toxin
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membrane distrupting toxins
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make protein channels in the plasma membrane, distrupt phospholipid bilayer
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superantigens
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cause an intense immune response of cytokines from host cell-fever nausea, death, shock
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does the cell wall need to rupture to release exotoxins?
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no but yes in endotoxins
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What is released at the presence of endotoxins to cause a fever?
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interleukin I; goes through blood to hypothalamus-releases prostaglandin-reset body temp higher
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How does toxin help microorganism? diphtheria
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colonization on epidermal surfaces
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How does toxin help microorganism? tetanus/botulinum toxin
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potent, dead tisses is ideal for anaerobic saprophytic organisms
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How does toxin help microorganism? cholera
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aids in transmission
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How does toxin help microorganism? anthrax
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kills phagocytes and lowers immune system
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How does toxin help microorganism? pertusis
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coughs aids in transmission
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visible changes, via microscope, in a cell
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cytopathic effects
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Three ways viruses cause harm
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attachment, enzymes, and toxins
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5 portals of exit
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respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, skin and blood
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