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66 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Genetics

study of inheritance & inheritable traits

genome

*entire genetic complement of an organism


*includes its genes and nucleotide sequence


*genome in bacteria is DNA

DNA

*5 prime- 3 prime


*complementary


*anti parallel


*A-T base pair


*C-G base pair


*ribose sugar 5 carbon


*glucose sugar 6 carbon



Structure of prokaryotic Genomes

prokaryotic chromosomes


*main portion of dna, along with associated proteins and rna


*haploid


*circular molecule DNA in nucleoid

Plasmids

*small molecules of DNA that replicate independently


*not essential


*helps with survival of bacteria

Types of Plasmids

*fertility factors


*resistance factors


*bacteriocin facors


*virulence plasmids

Eukaryotic genomes

Nuclear chromosomes


*have more than one chromosome per cell


*chromosomes are LINEAR & IN NUCLEUS


*DIPLOID(2 chromosomes)

Extranuclear DNA of eukaryots

*DNA molecules in mitochondria & chloroplast


*Resemble chromosomes of prokaryots


(DNA wraps around protein (yarn ball) packs together tightly in chromosome)

Differences of Prokaryotics and Eukaryotics

chromosomes b. haploid e. diploid




plasmids b. present some e. some algae, fungi & protozoa




type nucleic acid b. circular or linear dsDNA e. Linear DNA (nucleus) circular in mitochondria and chloroplast plasmids




Location b. nucleoid e.nucleus mitochondria, chloroplast




Histones present b.no e.yes

DNA replication

*replication is complementary structure of 2 strands


*replication is semiconservative


New DNA composed of one original and 1 daughter strand


*anabolic polymerization process requires monomers & energy


triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides

Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication

Original 1St rep 2nd rep


DNA original


XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX


daughter XXXXXX


XXXXXXX XXXXXX


XXXXXX

initial procress in bacterial dna replication

*replication begins at origin


*dna polymerase replicates dna 5'-3'


*because strands are antiparallel new srtrands are synthesized differently


leading strand continuously smooth


lagging strand discontinuously short fragment

other characteristics of bacterial dna replication

*bidirectional


*gyrases & topoisomersaes remove supercoils in dna


*dna is METHYLATED


contols genetic expression


initiation of dna replication


protection against viral infection


repair of dna

differences of dna replication in p &e

e.


uses only 4 dna polymerases


thousands of replication origins


shorter okazi fragments



dna replication requires energy but uses no atp why?

each nucleotide acts as own energy source

relationship between genotype & phenotype

*genotype


set of genes in genome


*phenotype


physical features & functional traits of organisim


*genotype determines phenotype

transcription

*info in dna is copied to rna


A pairs w/ U


C pairs w/ G


DNA is boss!!! it gives message to rna and rna takes out of nucleus to orangelles

events in transcription

5 types rna transcribed from dna


*rna primers


*mRNA


*rRNA


*tRNA


*regulatory RNA


occur in nucleoid of prokaryots


3 Steps


*initiation


*elongation


*termination



translation

*polypeptides are synthesized from rna


3 nucleic acid = 1 amino acid


messanger RNA


transfer RNA


ribosomes & ribosomal RNA



termination

*release factors recognize stop codons


*modify ribosome to active ribosomers


*ribosome dissociates into sub unit-polypeptide released

central dogma of genetics

DNA to mRNA to Protein

genetic code extra info

21 amino acids


millions of proteins


only 4 nucleic acids capable of 64 arrangements


3 nucleic acids per 1 amino acid

Regulation of genetic expression

*most genes expressed at all times


*other genes translated and transcribed when needed


conserves energy


*Quorum sensing regulates production of some protein


detection of secreted quorum sensing molecules can signal bacteria to synthesize a certain protein


*Regulation of polypeptide synthesis can:


halt transcription


stop translation directly

Prokaryotic Operons

*operon consist of a PROMOTER & A SERIES OF GENES


* CONTROLLED by a regulatory element OPERATER


*typically POLYCISTRONIC (code for sev polyprtides)



Nature of prokaryotic operons

*INDUCIBLE operons activated by INDUCERS


LACTOSE operon


CATABOLIC




*REPRESSIBLE operons transcribed continually until DEACTIVATED by REPRESSORS


TRYPTOPHAN operon


ANABOLIC

mutation

*change in nucleotide base sequence of a genome


*rare event


*almost always deletrious


*rarely leads to a protein that improves ability of organism to survive



types of mutations

*POINT mutations


1 base pair affected


substrations & frameshift mutations




*FRAMESHIFT mutations


nucleotide triples after the mutation deplaced


creates new sequence of codons




mutagens

*RADIATION


IONIZING


NON IONIZING




*CHEMICAL (look alike)


nucleotide analogs


disrupt dna and rna replication




*NUCLEOTIDE (Altering chemicals)


alter structure of nuceotides


result in base line substitutions




*FRAMESHIFT


result in nonsense mutations

frequency of mutations

*rare events


otherwise organisims could not effectively produce


*1 out of 10 million contain error


*mutagens increase mutation rate 10-100


*many mutations stop transcription or code for nonfunctional proteins

which of the following is most likely the number of base pairs in a bacterial chromosome?

4,000,000

which of the following is a true statement concerning prokaryotic chromosomes?

they are located in the cytosol

a plasmid is

extrachromosomal DNA

which of the following forms ionic bonds with eukaryotic DNA and stabilizes it?

histone

nucleotides used in the replication with DNA

*carry energy


*are found in 4 forms, each with dioxyribose sugar, a phosphate and a base


*are present in cells as triphosphate nucleotides


d all of the above

which of the following moloecules functions as a proof reader for a newly replicated DNA?

DNA polymerase 3

the addition of -CH3 to a cytosine nucleotide after DNA replication is called______________

methylation

in translation, the site through which tRNA molecules leave a ribosome is called the ____

E site

the ames test_______

uses autotrophs and liver extract to reveal mutagens

which of the following methods of DNA repair involves enzymes that recognize and correct nucleotide errors in unmethylated strands of DNA?

mismatch repair

which of the following is not a mechanism of natural genetic transfer and recombination?

transcription

cells that have the ability to take up DNA from their environment are said to be ____________

compotent

which of the following statements is true?

conjunction requires a sex pilus extending from the surface of a cell



which of the following are called jumping genes?

transposons

although 2 cells are totally unrelated, 1 cell recieves DNA from the other cell and incorporates this new DNA into its chromosome. this process is___________

horizontal gene transfer

transcription produces________

RNA molecules

a nucleotide is composed of_____________

a 5 carbon sugar


phosphate


a nitrogenous base


all of the above

in DNA, adenine forms_______hydrogen bonds with__________

2/thymine

a sequence of nucleotides formed during replication of the lagging strand is called______

okazaki fragments

which of the following is not a part of the operon?

origin

repressible operons are in important in regulating prokaryotic _____________

RNA transcription

which of the following is part of each molecule of mRNA?

codon

the trp operon is repressible. this means it is usually _________ and is controlled by_________

active/repressor

the 3 steps RNA transcription are ......

initiation, elongation and termination

a triplet of mRNA nucleotides that specififies a particular amino acid is called a ______________

codon

3 effects of point mutations are

silence, missence, nonsence

insertions and deletions and deletions in the genetic code are also called.....

frameshift mutations

an operon consists of ___________, __________ and __________ and is associated with a regulatory gene.

promoter,operater, series of genes

in general, ______ operons are inactive until the substrate of their genes polypeptidee is present.

inducible

a daughter DNA molecule is compromised of one original strand and one new strand because DNA replication is ________________

semiconservative

a gene for antibiotic resistance can move horizontally among bacterial cells by ________, ____________, and _____________.

transformation, transduction and bacterial conjunction

___________ are nucleotide sequences containing palindromes and genes for proteins that cut DNA strands.

transposons

_________ ______ is a recombination event that occurs during gamete formation in eukaryotes.

crossing over

_________ RNA carries amino acids.

transfer

_______ RNA and _________ RNA are antisense; that is they are complimentary to another nucleic acid molecule

small interfering/micro

ligase plays a major role in _________

lagging strand replication

before mutations can affect a population permanently, they must be __________

lasting


inheritable


beneficial


all of the above