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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What was the " little boxes " referred to ? |
Cell |
Robert Hooke |
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Cell theory |
The concept that all living things are composed of cells |
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Who was the first to observe micro organisms |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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Spontaneous generation |
Idea that living things could arise form non living matter |
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Spontaneous generation |
Idea that living things could arise form non living matter |
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Who demonstrated that maggots appeared on meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat |
Francesco redi |
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Spontaneous generation |
Idea that living things could arise form non living matter |
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Who demonstrated that maggots appeared on meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat |
Francesco redi |
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Who supported the spontaneous generation and said that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth |
John needham |
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Who suggested that needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering the broth |
Lazaro spallanzani |
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Biogenesis ? Who introduced it ? |
Idea that all living cells can arise from préexisting cells
Rudolf Virchow |
Virchow |
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Who offered proof of biogenesis & that microorganisms is in the airb |
Louis Pasteur |
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Pasteur discovery led to what technique |
Aseptic technique |
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Aseptic technique |
Used in medical field to prevent contamination by microorganisms |
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What year did the science of microbiology advanced rapidly |
1857-1914 |
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What year did the science of microbiology advanced rapidly |
1857-1914 |
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What did Louis Pasteur found out about alcohol |
He found out that yeasts ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid |
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What year did the science of microbiology advanced rapidly |
1857-1914 |
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What did Louis Pasteur found out about alcohol |
He found out that yeasts ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid |
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Pasteurization |
A heating process that is used to kill bacteria in some alcohol beverages and milk |
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What 2 people showed relationship between micro organism & disease |
Agostino bassi ( 1835) & pasteur (1865) |
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What did Joseph lister do ? |
Introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans |
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What is Koch postulates? |
A sequence of procedures that are used today to prove that a particular microorganisms caused a particular disease |
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What is Koch postulates? |
A sequence of procedures that are used today to prove that a particular microorganisms caused a particular disease |
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Immunity |
Resistance to a particular disease |
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What is Koch postulates? |
A sequence of procedures that are used today to prove that a particular microorganisms caused a particular disease |
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Immunity |
Resistance to a particular disease |
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Innoculation ( injected) with ____ material provides humans with ______ to ________ |
Cow pox Immunity Smallpox |
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How are modern vaccines prepared ? |
From living avirulent ( non pathogenic ) microorganisms or killed pathogens , from isolated components of pathogens , and by recombinant DNA techniques |
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What is chemotherapy |
Chemical treatment of a disease |
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What are the two chemotherapeutic agents ? |
Synthetic drug- chemically prepared in the lab
Antibiotics - substance produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms |
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What did Paul ehrlich introduce ? |
An arsenic (grayish, white) - containing chemical called Salvarsan to treat syphilis |
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What is penicillin used as |
An antibiotic |
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What is penicillin used as |
An antibiotic |
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Bacteriology |
Study of bacteria |
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Mycology |
Study of fungi |
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Mycology |
Study of fungi |
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Parasitology |
Study of parasitic Protozoa and worms |
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Genomics |
Study of all of an organisms genes |
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Genomics |
Study of all of an organisms genes |
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Microorganisms ___ dead plants and animals and ____ chemical elements to be used by living plants and animals |
Degrade Recycle |
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Genomics |
Study of all of an organisms genes |
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Microorganisms ___ dead plants and animals and ____ chemical elements to be used by living plants and animals |
Degrade Recycle |
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What is bacteria used for |
To decompose organic matter in waste |
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What bioremediation process uses bacteria for |
Uses Bacteria to clean up toxic wastes. |
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What are bacteria that cause diseases in insects are used for? |
As biological control of insect pests; biological controls are specific for the pest and do not harm the environment |
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What are bacteria that cause diseases in insects are used for? |
As biological control of insect pests; biological controls are specific for the pest and do not harm the environment |
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Biotechnology |
Using microbes to make products such as food and chemicals |
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What are bacteria that cause diseases in insects are used for? |
As biological control of insect pests; biological controls are specific for the pest and do not harm the environment |
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Biotechnology |
Using microbes to make products such as food and chemicals |
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Uses of recombinant DNA: |
Bacteria can produce important substances such as proteins , enzymes & vaccines |
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In gene therapy viruses are used to carry ________ for _____or _____ genes into human cells. |
Replacements Defective Missing
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In gene therapy ____ are used to carry ________ for ______ or ______ genes into ________ ______ |
Viruses Replacements Defective Missing Human cells |
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What is bacteria used for in agriculture |
To protect plants from frost and insects and to improve the shell life of produce |
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Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the _____ ___________ or ______ |
Normal Microbiota Flora |
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Biofilm |
Bacterial communities that form slimy layers on surfaces |
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Infectious disease |
A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host |
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MICROorganisms |
Living things that are too small to see with naked eye |
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Microorganisms |
Living things are too small to see with naked eye |
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Uses of microorganisms |
Live In humans , animals and are needed to maintain good health
Used to produce food and chemicals
Some Cause diseases |
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Prokaryotic |
No nucleus |
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Prokaryotic |
No nucleus |
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Bacteria are _______ organisms & __________ because they have ____ nucleus |
Unicellular Prokaryotic No |
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Prokaryotic |
No nucleus |
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Bacteria are _______ organisms & __________ because they have ____ nucleus |
Unicellular Prokaryotic No |
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Shapes of bacteria |
Bacillus Coccus Spiral |
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Prokaryotic |
No nucleus |
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Bacteria are _______ organisms & __________ because they have ____ nucleus |
Unicellular Prokaryotic No |
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Shapes of bacteria |
Bacillus Coccus Spiral |
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Bacteria has a _______ cell wall.
What's the purpose of the cell wall ? |
Peptidoglycan
Maintain bacteria shape |
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Archaea consist of ______ cells; they lack _____ in their cell walls |
Prokaryotic Peptidoglycan |
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Archaea consist of ______ cells; they lack _____ in their cell walls |
Prokaryotic Peptidoglycan |
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Fungi ( ______, _______, & ______ ) have ______ cells ( cells with true nucleus). Most fungi are _______ |
Mold Yeast Mushrooms Eukaryotic Multi cellular |
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How does fungi obtain nutrients ? |
By absorbing organic material from their environment |
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Protozoa are unicellular ______ |
Eukaryotes |
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How does Protozoa obtain nourishment ? |
By absorption or ingestion through specialized structures. |
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Algae are _____ or _____ eukaryotes they obtain nourishment by _______ |
Unicellular Multicellular Photosynthesis |
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Algae produce ________ and ______ they are used by other organisms. |
Oxygen Carbohydrates |
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Viruses are ________ entities that are ______ of cells |
Noncellular Parasites |
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The success of chemotherapy is based upon what ? |
That some chemicals are more poisonous to microorganisms than to the hosts infected by the microbes |
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Who used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent |
Paul ehrlich |
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How are living organisms named? |
The genus - first name & is always capitalized Species : not capitalized -names can describe an organism , honor a researcher , or identify the habitat of species . |
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How are living organisms named? |
The genus - first name & is always capitalized Species : not capitalized -names can describe an organism , honor a researcher , or identify the habitat of species . |
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Who proposed the nomenclature system to name living organisms?
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Carolus Linnaeus |
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Info on Bacteria cells |
Unicellular organisms Divide by binary fission( asexual mode of reproduction; cell gives rise to two identical cells ) Prokaryotes Cell wall composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called Peptidoglycan |
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Info on Bacteria cells |
Unicellular organisms Divide by binary fission( asexual mode of reproduction; cell gives rise to two identical cells ) Prokaryotes Cell wall composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called Peptidoglycan |
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Info on Archea |
Prokaryotes Lack Peptidoglycan Divided into 3 main groups : methanogens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration Extreme halophiles: salt loving Thermopiles: live in heat
Doesn't cause disease in humans |
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Info on Bacteria cells |
Unicellular organisms Divide by binary fission( asexual mode of reproduction; cell gives rise to two identical cells ) Prokaryotes Cell wall composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called Peptidoglycan |
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Info on Archea |
Prokaryotes Lack Peptidoglycan Divided into 3 main groups : methanogens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration Extreme halophiles: salt loving Thermopiles: live in heat
Doesn't cause disease in humans |
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Fungi |
Eukaryotes Can be uni or multi cellular Cell wall composed of chitin Ex of fungi : molds - form visible masses called mycelia , which are composed of long filaments that branch and intertwine. Can reproduce sexually or asexually |
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Info on Bacteria cells |
Unicellular organisms Divide by binary fission( asexual mode of reproduction; cell gives rise to two identical cells ) Prokaryotes Cell wall composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called Peptidoglycan |
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Info on Archea |
Prokaryotes Lack Peptidoglycan Divided into 3 main groups : methanogens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration Extreme halophiles: salt loving Thermopiles: live in heat
Doesn't cause disease in humans |
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Fungi |
Eukaryotes Can be uni or multi cellular Cell wall composed of chitin Ex of fungi : molds - form visible masses called mycelia , which are composed of long filaments that branch and intertwine. Can reproduce sexually or asexually |
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Protozoa |
Unicellular eukaryotes Move by pseudopods( false feet ) , flagella or filia. |
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Info on Bacteria cells |
Unicellular organisms Divide by binary fission( asexual mode of reproduction; cell gives rise to two identical cells ) Prokaryotes Cell wall composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called Peptidoglycan |
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Info on Archea |
Prokaryotes Lack Peptidoglycan Divided into 3 main groups : methanogens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration Extreme halophiles: salt loving Thermopiles: live in heat
Doesn't cause disease in humans |
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Fungi |
Eukaryotes Can be uni or multi cellular Cell wall composed of chitin( poly sacciride) Ex of fungi : molds - form visible masses called mycelia , which are composed of long filaments that branch and intertwine. Can reproduce sexually or asexually Can't photosynthesis Hererotrophic - organisms that can't make their own food . Need nourishment from other sources |
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Protozoa |
Unicellular eukaryotes Move by pseudopods( false feet ) , flagella or cilia ( small hair like structures that cover the whole cell. )
Live free or as parasites Variety of shapes
Example : malaria |
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Algae:mainly found in water |
Photosynthesis eukaryotes Sexual and asexual reproductive forms Cell wall composed of cellulose As photo synthesizers, algae need light , water , and carbon dioxide for food production and growth . Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are then utilized by other organisms , |
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Viruses |
Need a host to reproduce Not considered to be living Acellular ( minus a cell ) organisms Either have DNA or RNA , but still not living Infectious proteins |
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Viruses |
Need a host to reproduce Not considered to be living Acellular ( minus a cell ) organisms Either have DNA or RNA , but still not living Infectious proteins Surrounded by a protein coat , which is sometimes enclosed by a lipid membrane called an envelope |
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Bacteria shapes: Bacillus Spiral Coccus |
Rod like Spiral Sphere |
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Multicellular animal parasites |
Eukaryotes Two major groups of parasitic worms are flatworms and round works called helminths.
Flatworms are caused by meat motive of transmission . Ex : tape worms Round worms - waterborne |
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Who was Robert Hooke |
Invented a crude microscope |
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Spontaneous generation |
Life can arise spontaneously from non living matter , such as dead corpses and soil |
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Who coined the word " vaccine " |
Joseph Pasteur |
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Who coined the word " vaccine " |
Joseph Pasteur |
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Edward jenner |
British physician ; when a young woman informed Jenner she couldn't get small box because she already been sick from cowpox he decided to find out why. He inoculated a healthy girl with the cowpox material by scratching the persons arm with a pox contaminated needle. |
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Emerging infectious diseases |
Infectious disease is a disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host such as a human or animal |
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Swine flu is caused by |
H1n1 |
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Bird flu is caused by |
H5n1 |
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Bird flu is caused by |
H5n1 |
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What cause bse / cjd |
Prions which is an infectious protein particle |
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What organism causes aids |
Human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv)
Hiv takes out T cells |
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Mrsa - methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
Specific strain of the staphylococcus aureus bacterium that has developed antibiotic resistance to all penicillins antibiotics. |
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Vrsa |
S.aureus that were less sensitive to vancomycin . |
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Mdr -Tb |
Caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least the antibiotics isoniazid and rifampicin, the most effect drugs against tuberculosis |
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Atoms are made up of |
Protons - positively charged particles Neutrons- uncharged particles Electron- negatively charged particle. |
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Atomic weight |
Number of protons & neutrons in atom |
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Isotope |
Are atoms with different number of neutrons |
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Valence shell |
Outermost shell of an atom |
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Chemical bond |
An attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms |
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Ionic bond |
Chemical attraction between ions of opposite charge |
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To form an ionic bond : |
One ion is an electron donor Other ion is an electron acceptor |
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Covalent bond |
Atoms share pair of electrons |
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Covalent bond |
Atoms share pair of electrons |
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Covalent bonds are stronger than ______ bonds & are common in organic molecules . |
Ionic |
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Hydrogen bond |
exists when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom |
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Cations |
an atom whose outer electron shell is less than half filled will lose electrons and form positively charged ions |
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Carbohydrates |
are compounds consisting of atoms of carbon , oxygen , hydrogen : with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. |
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Carbohydrates include |
Sugar & starch |
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Carbohydrates can be classified as |
Monosaccharides Disaccharide Polysaccharide |
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Carbohydrates can be classified as |
Monosaccharides Disaccharide Polysaccharide |
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Monosaccharide |
Contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
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Carbohydrates can be classified as |
Monosaccharides Disaccharide Polysaccharide |
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Monosaccharide |
Contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
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Monosaccharides may form disaccharides and polysaccrides by |
Dehydration synthesis |
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Carbohydrates can be classified as |
Monosaccharides Disaccharide Polysaccharide |
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Monosaccharide |
Contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
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Monosaccharides may form disaccharides and polysaccrides by |
Dehydration synthesis |
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Fungi is high in |
PH |
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Carbohydrates can be classified as |
Monosaccharides Disaccharide Polysaccharide |
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Monosaccharide |
Contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
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Monosaccharides may form disaccharides and polysaccrides by |
Dehydration synthesis |
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Fungi is high in |
PH |
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Prokaryotes |
Low PH |
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Polysaccharide |
Consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis |
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Oligosaccharides |
Consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides |
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Oligosaccharides |
Consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides |
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Example of monosaccharide |
Simple sugar |
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Oligosaccharides |
Consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides |
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Example of monosaccharide |
Simple sugar |
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Polysaccharide |
Glycogen |
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Carbohydrates |
Cell structures and energy sources |
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Monosaccharides |
Simple three to seven carbon atoms |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis |
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Disaccharides can be broken by |
Hydrolysis |
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Lipids |
Diverse group of compounds distinguished by their insolubility in water |
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Lipids |
Diverse group of compounds distinguished by their insolubility in water |
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Simple lipids |
Consist of a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids |
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Phospholipids |
Complex lipids consisting of glycerol , two fatty acids and phosphate group |
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Why is water neutral |
Water molecule consist of a hydrogen ion bonded to a hydoxide ion . The hydrogen ion is positively charged while the hydroxide has a negatively charge . This gives water an overall electric charge of zero |
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Dehydration synthesis |
Building something up by taking water out |
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Hydrolysis reaction |
Adding water to a molecule to break it down |
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Synthesis reactions |
Occur when atoms ions or molecules combine to form new larger molecules |
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Anabolism |
Synthesis of molecules in a cell |
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Decomposition reaction |
Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules ions or atoms
Catabolism is the decomposition reactions in a cell |
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Polar moleculrv |
Unequal charges Ex: water |
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Acid |
Has H+ |
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Acid |
Has H+ |
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Salt |
Has neither Oh - or h+ |
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Acid |
Has H+ |
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Salt |
Has neither Oh - or h+ |
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Base |
Has oh - |
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Lipids |
Primary components of cell membranes .
Consist of carbon hydrogen oxygen
Fats or triglycerides are simple lipids |
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Lipids |
Primary components of cell membranes .
Consist of carbon hydrogen oxygen
Fats or triglycerides are simple lipids |
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What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat |
absence/ presence of double bonds |
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Complex lipids are found where |
Plants bacteria and animals |
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Functions of phospholipids |
Provide structure and protection to cells |
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Anion |
When an atoms outer electron shell is more than half filled , the atom will gain electrons and form negatively charged ions |
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