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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein
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gene
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All of the genetic material in a cell
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genome
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Molecular study of genomes
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genomics
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Genes of an organism
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genotype
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Expression of the genes
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phenotype
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Occur in the absence of a mutagen
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Spontaneous mutations
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detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different.
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Positive (direct) selection
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detects mutant cells because they do not grow.
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Negative (indirect) selection
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Occurs during reproduction, between generations of cells
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vertical gene transfer
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Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation
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horizontal gene transfer
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A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
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plasmid
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Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid
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conjugative plasmid
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Encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
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dissimilation plasmids
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encode antibiotic resistance
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r factors
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Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules
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genetic recombination
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Study of disease
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pathology
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Study of the cause of a disease
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etiology
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Development of disease
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pathogenesis
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Colonization of the body by pathogens
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infection
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An abnormal state in which the body is not functionally normally
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disease
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live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
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Probiotics
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used to prove the cause of an infectious disease
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Koch's Postulates
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A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
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sign
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A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
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symptom
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A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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syndrome
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A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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communicable / contagious
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fraction of a population that contracts a disease w/in a specific amount of time
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incidence
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Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
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prevalence
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Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
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sporadic disease
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Disease constantly present in a population
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endemic disease
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Immunity in most of a population
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herd immunity
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Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
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epidemic disease
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worldwide epidemic
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pandemic disease
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Symptoms develop rapidly
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acute disease
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disease develops slowly
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chronic disease
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Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive
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latent disease
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sx btw acute and chronic
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subacute disease
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Systemic infection that began as a local infection
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focal infection
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Bacteria in the blood
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bacteremia
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Growth of bacteria in the blood
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septicemia
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Acute infection that causes the initial illness
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primary infection
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Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
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secondary infection
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No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
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subclinical disease
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The ability to cause disease
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pathogenicity
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The extent of pathogenicity
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virulence
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Streptococcus mutans
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Glycocalyx
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Escherichia coli
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Fimbriae
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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M protein
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Opa protein
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Treponema pallidum
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Tapered end
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Digest fibrin clots
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kinases
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Take iron from host iron-binding proteins
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siderophores
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Alter surface proteins
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antigenic variation
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subs which contribute to pathogenicity
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toxin
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Ability to produce a toxin
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Toxigenicity
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Presence of toxin the host's blood
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Toxemia
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Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
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toxoid
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Antibodies against a specific toxin
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Antitoxin
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Cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
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superantigens or type i toxins (exotoxins)
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lyse host cells
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Membrane-disrupting toxins or type II toxins
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the use of drugs to treat a disease
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chemotherapy
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interfere with the growth of microbes w/in a host
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antimicrobials
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Substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
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antibiotic
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kills harmful microbes w/o damaging the host
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selective toxicity
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more effective against gram-negatives
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2nd, 3rd, and 4th generations of cephalosporins
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Antituberculosis
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rifamycin
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Inhibits DNA gyrase
Urinary tract infections |
Cipro
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Inhibit folic acid synthesis
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sulfonamides
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Combined with bacitracin and neomycin in over-the-counter preparation
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polymyxin B
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Interferes with tRNA attachment
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tertacyclines
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Changes shape of 30S subunit
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aminogylcosides
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Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid
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ethambutol
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Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
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INH
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Important "last line" against antibiotic resistant S. aureus
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vanco
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occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone
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Synergism
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occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone
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Antagonism
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Broad spectrum antibiotics from plants and animals
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antimicrobial peptides
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Complementary DNA or peptide nucleic acids that binds to a pathogen's virulence gene(s) and prevents transcription
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antisense agents
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year, man - penicillin discovery produced by penicillium
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1928 - Alexander Fleming
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