Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
FUO
|
>3 weeks, >101*F
|
|
|
What causes temperature to increase to fever?
|
Vasoconstriction, shivering, behavior (getting a blanket)
|
|
|
What causes temperature to come back down from fever?
|
Vasodilation, sweating, behavior (eating ice cream)
|
|
|
What mediates fever?
|
PGE2
|
|
|
Name four endogenous pyrogens
|
IL1, IL6, TNF, INF
|
|
|
What temperature can cause permanent damage?
|
>107*F
|
|
|
What are the top two most accurate ways to measure temperature?
|
1. Esophagus 2. Rectal
|
|
|
Leishman-Donovan bodies
|
Macrophages full of Leishmania amastigotes
|
|
|
What form of Leishmania does the sandfly inject?
|
Promastigote
|
|
|
What are the three professional APCs
|
Dendritic cell, Macrophage, Bcell
|
|
|
Where is the sore of Leshmania tropica? What age group gets this?
|
Face/extremities (exposed skin), children get it bc adults are immune
|
|
|
Where is the sore of Leishmania Mexicana?
|
Earlobe
|
|
|
What do you get if you don’t have cell mediated immunity and you catch Leishmania Mexicana?
|
Leishmaniasis Diffusa which presents like Leprosy
|
|
|
How do you diagnose Leishmania infection?
|
Biopsy/scrapings of ulcer
|
|
|
Where does L. braziliensis, viannia infect?
|
Mouth/nose
|
|
|
What happens if L. braziliensis, viannia goes untreated?
|
Severe tissue destruction after asymptomatic phase
|
|
|
What is the clinical course of Leishmania donovani, infantum?
|
Kala-Azar fever (will get negative skin test), which peaks twice every 24 hours. After Kala-Azar fever you get nodular skin lesions filled with amastigotes after successful treatment of acute infection.
|
|
|
What is the most direct test for Leishmania donovani, infantum?
|
Splenic biopsy (Splenomegaly is observed in the clinical course)
|
|
|
Person comes in with massive leg edema
|
Lymphatic filariasis
|
|
|
Skin nodule travels to eye and causes blindness
|
Onchocerciasis “O for opthalmo"
|
|
|
Which fly causes Leishmania?
|
Sandfly
|
|
|
Which fly causes Chagas disease?
|
(Reduviid bug) Kissing fly
|
|
|
Which fly causes African Sleeping Sickness?
|
Tsetse fly
|
|
|
Which two diseases does Trypanosomiasis cause?
|
Chagas dz, African sleeping sickness
|
|
|
Chagas is a leading cause of (in South/Central America)?
|
Heart disease
|
|
|
What causes Chagas disease?
|
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
|
|
What are 3 manifestations of chronic chagas disease?
|
Megacolon, megaesophagus, cardiomegaly
|
|
|
What phase will the pt not have any symptoms of Chagas disease
|
Indeterminant phase when there is low levels of parasitemia
|
|
|
What is Romana sign?
|
Eye edema which is actually a chagoma
|
|
|
What is the etiology if progression is rapid and involves CNS
|
Trypanosomiasis rhodesiense “rhodesiense is rapid”
|
|
|
What is the etiology if LAD in posterior triangle of neck (Winterbottom’s sign)?
|
Trypanosomiasis gambiense
|
|
|
What fly transmits malaria?
|
FEMALE Anopheles
|
|
|
Which specie(s) of malaria present with a fever every 48 hours (tertian malaria)
|
Plasmodium: Ovale, vivax, falciparum
|
|
|
Which specie(s) of malaria present with a fever every 72 hours (quartan malaria)
|
Plasmodium: Malariae
|
|
|
What are hypnozoites, what species can become hypnozoites
|
Dormancy stage that can relapse later, vivax and ovale
|
|
|
Which Plasmodium causes cerebral malaria and thus petechial hemorrhages?
|
P falciparum
|
|
|
Which Plasmodium causes retinal hemorrhages?
|
P falciparum
|
|
|
What infection gives you brown discoloration of liver
|
Malaria due to malarial pigment
|
|
|
What species of malaria gives you nephrotic syndrome
|
P malariae
|
|
|
If no duffy group then who can’t enter?
|
P vivax
|
|
|
Whos is protected from malaria?
|
Sickle cell trait/disease, GSPD deficiency, homozygous recessive for Duff group
|
|
|
What is the ring stage of malaria?
|
Trophozoite
|
|
|
What Plasmodium species infect reticulocytes
|
Vivax, ovale
|
|
|
What Plasmodium species infect mature RBCs?
|
Malariae
|
|
|
What Plasmodium species infect RBCs and reticulocytes?
|
Falciparum
|
|
|
P vivax, ovale
|
Hypnozoite phase, infects reticulocytes
|
|
|
P falciparum
|
Infects both Retics and Mature RBCs, Cerebral malaria, Retinal hemorrhages
|
|
|
P malariae
|
Quartan malaria, infects mature RBCs, nephrotic syndrome
|
|
|
Describe Staph aureus
|
Gm+ cocci in clusters, beta hemolytic, catalase and coagulase positive
|
|
|
If catalase positive then staph or strep?
|
Staph
|
|
|
What virulence factor causes scalded skin (Ritter’s disease)?
|
Exfoliatin
|
|
|
TSST1 causes
|
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and Scarlet fever (ie aborted TSS)
|
|
|
What supertoxin can cause food poisoning & septic shock?
|
Enterotoxin
|
|
|
How is TSST1 transferred?
|
Transposon
|
|
|
How is resistance to beta lactams transferred by MRSA?
|
Plasmid
|
|
|
What does SCCmec code for?
|
Modified PBP2a protein (confers resistance)
|
|
|
Which SCCmec is healthcare associated
|
1-3, else community associated
|
|
|
How is Scarlet fever from Staph and Strep different?
|
Staph: TSST1, GAS: Exotoxin
|
|
|
Buzzword for Scarlet fever
|
Strawberry tongue
|
|
|
How do you probably get Strep infection?
|
Respiratory infection
|
|
|
How do you probably get a Staph infection?
|
Cutaneous injury
|
|
|
Four important factors for pressure sores
|
Pressure, shearing forces, friction, moisture
|
|
|
What does MRSA present with
|
Furuncle, “I think I have a spider bite”
|
|
|
Woman with painful cheek, rash has distinct border. What is it and what is the etiology?
|
Erysipelas, Strep
|
|
|
Gm- osteomyelitis in a kid
|
H flu
|
|
|
Gm- osteomyelitis in an adult
|
Ecoli
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell pt
|
Salmonella
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis in IV drug user
|
Pseudomonas, Candida
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis in HIV
|
Bartonella
|
|
|
What causes ischemia and necrosis of bone in osteomyelitis?
|
Pressure of pus buildup from inflammation blocks blood supply
|
|
|
What is the sequestrum
|
Devascularized fragment of bone
|
|
|
What is the involucrum
|
New bone formed around dead area (wall off with bone)
|
|
|
MCC osteomyelitis in Infant, Children, and Adults?
|
Staph/Strep
|
|
|
Who gets osteomyelitis with vascular insufficiency?
|
DM, atherosclerosis
|
|
|
In osteomyelitis, which location is more common in adults, which in kids?
|
Adults: Shoulder, Kids: Elbow “Shoulder is higher than the elbow”
|
|
|
What is the MC location of infectious arthritis?
|
Knee, Hip
|
|
|
Infectious arthritis vs periarthritis
|
Arthritis: Loss of both active and passive ROM vs Periarthritis: Passive ROM is greater
|
|
|
What is a predisposing factor for kids vs adults for infectious arthritis?
|
Kids: Trauma, Adults: Corticosteroids
|
|
|
How is infectious arthritis caused? MCC by what organism?
|
Hematogeous spread, Staph aureus
|
|
|
Gold standard diagnosis for infectious arthritis?
|
Synovial fluid
|
|
|
Cause of infectious arthritis in neonate?
|
GBS
|
|
|
Cause of infectious arthritis in young adult?
|
GC
|
|
|
Infectious arthritis with 3 day onset?
|
Gm+
|
|
|
Infectious arthritis with onset over weeks?
|
Gm-
|
|
|
Multiple joints are infected & purulent
|
GC
|
|
|
Multiple joints are infected & not purulent
|
Viral
|
|
|
What is the first symptom of Lyme disease
|
Erythema migrans
|
|
|
What stage of the tick life cycle most likely infects humans
|
Nymph of Ixodes tick
|
|
|
What is the shape of the rash in Lyme disease?
|
Target shaped rash with clear center. Probably on the shoulder.
|
|
|
What states are you most likely to be bitten by Ixodes?
|
Northeast, Northern midwest
|
|
|
Which two tests are most frequently used to diagnose Lyme disease?
|
ELISA and Western Blot
|
|
|
For which disease is the tick both a vector and reservoir?
|
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
|
|
|
What state would you have to add Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever to the differential?
|
South east, south central
|
|
|
Vasculitis is the primary clinical manifestation of what organism?
|
Rickettsia
|
|
|
The rash from Rocky mountain spotted fever starts on?
|
Wrist and ankles
|
|
|
MC tick infection in spring/summer
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
MC rickettsial infection in spring /summer
|
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
|
|
|
Clinical manifestations of Lyme disease
|
BAKE: Bell’s Palsy, Arthritis, Kardiac manifestations, Erythema migrans
|
|
|
What stage of plasmodium causes RBCs to burst?
|
Merozoite
|
|
|
Initial sign of African sleeping sickness?
|
Painless chancre
|
|
|
Name an etiology for FUO
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
|
MC fatal nosocomial infection
|
Pneumonia
|
|
|
Clean contaminated vs contaminated/dirty
|
Cutting into gut vs cutting into abscess
|
|
|
Honey colored crust
|
Strep, impetigo
|
|
|
Infectious arthritis from puncture wound
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
MC location of osteomyelitis in IV drug user?
|
Clavicle
|
|
|
MC bone affected by osteomyelitis in children and adults?
|
Femur
|
|
|
Infectious arthritis with Rubella
|
Small joints of hands affected
|
|
|
Infectious arthritis with Lyme disease
|
One large joint a month after erythema migrans
|
|
|
Strep cellulitis presentation
|
Lymphangitic streak + rapid spread
|
|
|
Early localized lyme disease
|
Erythemia migrans
|
|
|
Early disseminated lyme disease
|
All BAKE symptoms except chronic arthritis
|
|
|
How long does the tick need to be attached to infect?
|
Up to 48 hours
|
