Micro 2 Lecture 20

Front 1

The Enterics (Family Enterobacteriaceae) are:

Back 1

-Escherichia & other coliforms:
--Klebsiella pneumoniae
--Enterobacter & Citrobacter
--Serratia marcescens
-Salmonella
-Shigella

Front 2

Describe the Enterobacteriaceae family..
Shape:
Oxygen needs:

Back 2

Shape: Small Gram Neg. Rods
Oxygen needs: Facultative anaerobes

Front 3

What is the habitat for the Enterobacteriaceae family:

Back 3

Many inhabit soil and water & some are common occupants of the large intestine

Front 4

What are the symptoms of Enterobacteriaceae family infection?

Back 4

They cause diarrhea through enterotoxins

Front 5

Enterobacteriaceae family is divided into:

Back 5

coliforms (lactose fermenters) &
non-coliforms (non-lactose fermenters)

Front 6

50% of nosocomial infections are caused by:

Back 6

The Enterobacteriaceae family

Front 7

Describe the pathogenicity of the coliforms & non-coliforms of the Enterobacteriaceae family:

Back 7

the coliforms: generally normal flora that can be opportunistic pathogens
non-coliforms: some are opportunistic pathogens & some are true pathogens

Front 8

The Enterics are in the family:

Back 8

the Enterobacteriaceae family

Front 9

The Enterics are classified according to:

Back 9

Flagella, Capsule or fimbrae, and LPS

Front 10

What are the Enteric Family virulence factors?

Back 10

-Endotoxin (LPS)
-Exotoxins (mostly enterotoxins)

Front 11

In the classification of the Enterics, what symbolizes the following:
-Flagella
-Capsule or fimbrae
-LPS

Back 11

-Flagella = H type
-Capsule or fimbrae = K type
-LPS = O type

Front 12

So H7O32 would describe:

Back 12

a type of Enteric organism

Front 13

The most common aerobic commensal bacterium in the gut is:

Back 13

Escherichia coli

Front 14

E. coli can cause opportunistic infections and is the most common cause of this type of infection:

Back 14

Urinary Tract Infection

Front 15

Name the true pathogenic strains of E. coli:

Back 15

-Enterotoxigenic E. coli
-Enteroinvasive E. coli
-Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

Front 16

What is different about the pathogenic strains of E. coli that makes them so?

Back 16

they have slightly different flagella, fimbrae, or LPS

Front 17

Which of the true pathogenic strains of E. coli are called "traveler's diarrhea?"

Back 17

Enterotoxigenic E. coli & Enteroinvasive E. coli

Front 18

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli is aka:

Back 18

O157:H7

Front 19

So, decipher Enterohemorrhagic E. coli's other name: O157:H7

Back 19

LPS type 157 & Flagella type 7

Front 20

Describe Enterotoxigenic E. coli:

Back 20

He's non-invasive but forms enterotoxins that cause severe diarrhea.

Front 21

Describe Enteroinvasive E. coli:

Back 21

He burrows into the intestinal wall causing inflammatory disease of the large intestine & bloody diarrhea

Front 22

Describe Enterohemorrhagic E. coli:

Back 22

His fimbrae adhere to the intestinal wall and release toxins which cause severe diarrhea, hemorrhagic syndrome, & kidney damage.

Front 23

Is E. coli a coliform or non-coliform?

Back 23

a coliform

Front 24

Is Klebsiella pneumoniae a coliform or non-coliform?
Where is he found?

Back 24

a coliform;
He is normally a part of the flora of the Upper Respiratory tract

Front 25

Describe Klebsiella pneumoniae infections:

Back 25

he can cause opportunistic pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, & UTIs

Front 26

Enterobacter & Citrobacter are both part of the flora of:
Are they coliform or non-coliform?

Back 26

the GI tract in low numbers.
They are both coliform.

Front 27

What kind of infections do Enterobacter & Citrobacter cause?

Back 27

UTIs

Front 28

Serratia marcescens causes:

Back 28

pneumonia, meningitis, burn & wound infections, and septicemia

Front 29

Serratia marcescens causes pneumonia particularly in:

Back 29

alcoholics

Front 30

Describe the pathogenicity of Salmonella typhi:

Back 30

He's a True pathogen

Front 31

Salmonella typhi causes:

Back 31

Typhoid fever

Front 32

Describe the reservoir for Salmonella typhi:

Back 32

Humans are the only host & reservoir. Chronic carriers serve as reservoir (Typhoid Mary)

Front 33

Describe the infection process for Typhoid fever:

Back 33

A subject ingests feces-contaminated food or water and bacilli attaches to intestinal cells. Can cause perforations in the colon which can be deadly.

Front 34

How many sub-strains or serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis are there?

Back 34

about 1,700 (including the serotype typhimurium)

Front 35

Describe the pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis:

Back 35

He is a zoonotic pathogen that causes gastroenteritis.

Front 36

Salmonella enteritidis is part of the intestinal flora of:

Back 36

cattle, poultry, rodents, & reptiles.

Front 37

Describe the Salmonella enteritidis infection process:

Back 37

Salmonella enteritidis is ingested. They invade the small intestine and can disseminate into the blood or lymph.

Front 38

Describe Salmonella enteritidis symptoms and recovery:

Back 38

Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, & cramps that usually last 2-5 days. Patients usually recover on their own.

Front 39

one-third of all chickens, eggs, and chicken meat contains:

Back 39

Salmonella enteritidis

Front 40

Describe the pathogenicity of Shigella:

Back 40

Shigella is a True Pathogen

Front 41

What are the diseases caused by Shigella?

Back 41

Shigellosis- which is incapacitating dysentery.

Front 42

Dysentery describes:

Back 42

severe diarrhea with tissue loss (blood and mucosa layer)

Front 43

What are the 4 species of Shigella that can cause Shigellosis?

Back 43

Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella sonnei
Shigella flexneri
Shigella boydii

Front 44

What is the reservoir for Shigella?

Back 44

Shigella is only found in the human and great ape GI tract.

Front 45

Describe the Shigella infection process:

Back 45

Subject ingests feces-contaminated food or water. Shigella invades the large intestine.

Front 46

Describe Shigella's virulence factors:

Back 46

Shigella stimulates a large immune response and releases endotoxin and an exotoxin, the Shiga toxin.

Front 47

Is Shigella known for entering the blood stream?

Back 47

NO, he rarely enters the blood stream

Front 48

What are the effects of Shigella's Shiga toxin?

Back 48

the Shiga toxin causes massive inflammation & bleeding. The avg. patient has 20 bloody bowel movements per day.

Front 49

The Zoonotic, Pathogenic, Gram Neg. Rods are:

Back 49

-Yersinia
-Francisella
-Brucella
-Pasteurella

Front 50

Describe Yersinia pestis:

Back 50

Yersinia pestis is a Nonenteric, zoonotic pathogen that causes the plague.

Front 51

The last pandemic of the Plague was:

Back 51

in the late 1800s.

Front 52

Describe the reservoir for Yersinia pestis:

Back 52

Small rodents serve as the reservoir & fleas act as biological vectors.

Front 53

Yersinia pestis virulence factors are:

Back 53

-Its Capsule
-coagulase
-toxins

Front 54

When did Yersinia enter the U.S.?

Back 54

1906, through the Port of San Francisco.

Front 55

What are the forms of plague?

Back 55

-Bubonic Plague
-Septicemic Plague
-Pneumonic Plague

Front 56

What is the most common form of Plague?

Back 56

Bubonic Plague

Front 57

Describe Bubonic Plague:

Back 57

Y. pestis multiplies at flea bite site and enters the lymph. He eventually reaches a lymph node and forms a bubo.

Front 58

Define a bubo:

Back 58

A swollen, necrotic lymph node.

Front 59

Describe Septicemic Plague:

Back 59

Progression to massive bacterial growth; coagulation and tissue destruction causes necrosis - Black Plague or Black Death.

Front 60

Describe Pneumonic Plague:

Back 60

The infection is localized to the lungs and is HIGHLY contagious and very deadly. (lungs can't take much tissue necrosis)

Front 61

The most contagious form of Plague is:

Back 61

Pneumonic Plague

Front 62

Describe Brucella..
-shape:

Back 62

Shape: coccobacillus.
Brucella is a zoonosis that can be transferred from infected animals to humans.

Front 63

What are the 2 Brucella species that can be transferred to humans:

Back 63

Brucella abortus (found in cattle)
Brucella suis (found in pigs)

Front 64

How does a Brucella infection affect animals?

Back 64

It causes still births in animals but it isn't shown to do this in humans.

Front 65

In the human, Brucella causes:

Back 65

Brucellosis aka (undulant fever)

Front 66

Describe Brucellosis aka (undulant fever) symptoms:

Back 66

Chills, Sweating, Headache, & Fever. Brucellosis causes a fluctuating pattern of fever lasting weeks to a year.

Front 67

Is there a Brucellosis vaccine?

Back 67

No, the infection is not very common.

Front 68

Francisella tularensis causes:

Back 68

Tularemia aka Jack Rabbit Fever

Front 69

Describe Tularemia:

Back 69

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease of mammals endemic to the Northern Hemisphere

Front 70

How is Tularemia transmitted?

Back 70

It is transmitted through contact with the infected animals or vectors. (usually contact with animal's blood entering cuts in the skin or mucous membrane)

Front 71

What are the symptoms of Francisella tularensis?

Back 71

Headache, backache, fever, chills, malaise, weakness, & sometimes skin lesions.

Front 72

Since the symptoms of Francisella tularensis are not very unique, what is needed to diagnose this infection?

Back 72

A knowledge of the patient's background (they had blood-contact with a mammal in the N. Hemisphere)

Front 73

Who is at the highest risk for Francisella tularensis?

Back 73

hunters & wildlife workers.

Front 74

In the U.S., Tularemia aka Jack Rabbit Fever is most commonly found in what animals?

Back 74

Rabbits, rodents, & skunks.

Front 75

Is there a vaccine for Tularemia aka Jack Rabbit Fever?

Back 75

Yes

Front 76

Describe Pasteurella multocida reservoir:

Back 76

Pasteurella multocida is a normal part of the flora of the oral cavity of wild & domesticated cats and dogs, as well as coyotes & wolves.

Front 77

Describe Pasteurella multocida pathogenicity:

Back 77

a zoonotic, opportunistic human pathogen

Front 78

Describe the infection process of Pasteurella multocida:

Back 78

Animal bites or scratches cause a local abscess that can spread to lymph nodes, joints, & bones.

Front 79

Describe Pseudomonas morphology:

Back 79

Small Gram Neg. rods

Front 80

The main pathogen in the Pseudomonas genus is:

Back 80

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 81

Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa habitat:

Back 81

common inhabitant of soil & water

Front 82

Pseudomonas is known for his ability to:

Back 82

grow everywhere

Front 83

Describe Pseudomonas resistance:

Back 83

he is resistant to:
-soaps
-dyes
-quaternary ammonium disinfectants
-drugs
-dessication

Front 84

Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity:

Back 84

He's an Opportunistic pathogen that doesn't usually infect healthy individuals.

Front 85

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of:

Back 85

nosocomial infections

Front 86

In healthy people, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is linked with these infections:

Back 86

hot tub & pool infections

Front 87

Pseudomonas is described as having an odor that smells like:

Back 87

Grapes

Front 88

Pseudomonas creates pigments that have a _______________ color.

Back 88

Pseudomonas creates pigments that have a greenish-blue color.

Front 89

What type of testing is essential with Pseudomonas?

Back 89

drug sensitivity tests like the Kirby Bauer or MIC since Pseudomonas is often multi-drug resistant.

Front 90

Bordetella pertussis causes:

Back 90

Whooping cough or pertussis, a communicable childhood disease.

Front 91

Describe whooping cough symptoms:

Back 91

acute respiratory syndrome: severe upper respiratory infection. Patients produce so much mucous that they have difficulty clearing it effectively.

Front 92

Describe the reservoir for Bordetella pertussis:

Back 92

asymptomatic carriers

Front 93

Describe transmission for Bordetella pertussis:

Back 93

Bordetella pertussis is transmitted by direct contact or inhaled airborne droplets.

Front 94

Is there a vaccine for Bordetella pertussis?

Back 94

Yes, it is part of the TDaP.

Front 95

Decipher TDaP:

Back 95

TDaP:
T=Tetanus
D=diphtheria
aP=acellular Pertussis

Front 96

What are the random pathogenic Gram Neg. rods lectured?

Back 96

-Pseudomonas
-Bordetella
-Legionella
-Haemophilus

Front 97

What is Legionella pneumophilia's habitat?

Back 97

Legionella pneumophilia is widely distributed in water & lives in close associated with amoebas.

Front 98

What disease does Legionella pneumophilia cause?

Back 98

Legionaire's disease.

Front 99

How is Legionaire's disease contracted?

Back 99

by inhaling water droplets that contain the bacteria.

Front 100

Describe Legionaire's disease symptoms:

Back 100

a form of pneumonia:
Symptoms include: Fever, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, pneumonia.

Front 101

Legionella pneumophilia is commonly isolated in:

Back 101

water supplies, air conditioning, pools, etc.

Front 102

How does pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophilia differ from other pneumonias?

Back 102

pneumonia is usually transmitted from human to human; pneumonia from Legionella pneumophilia is obtained from inhaling droplets of contaminated water.

Front 103

Describe Hemophilus influenzae morphology:

Back 103

tiny, Gram Neg. rods
-Fastidious

Front 104

What is the reservoir of Hemophilus influenzae?

Back 104

He is a commensal in the nasopharynx of some healthy individuals.

Front 105

Does Hemophilus influenzae cause influenza?

Back 105

No, influenza is caused by a virus.

Front 106

What disease does Hemophilus influenzae cause then?

Back 106

bacterial meningitis.

Front 107

How is Hemophilus influenzae transmitted?

Back 107

through airborne droplets (direct transmission)

Front 108

The form of meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae is found almost exclusively in:

Back 108

young children; <5yrs.

Front 109

Outbreaks of Hemophilus influenzae are common in:

Back 109

daycare centers

Front 110

is there a vaccine for Hemophilus influenzae?

Back 110

Yes, the HIB vaccine.
HIB = Hemophilus influenzae type B vaccine

Front 111

Describe Hemophilus aegyptius reservoir:

Back 111

He is a commensal for some individuals

Front 112

What disease does Hemophilus aegyptius cause?

Back 112

bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Front 113

How is Hemophilus aegyptius transmitted?

Back 113

Through fomites and contaminated fingers

Front 114

What are the pathogenic causes of conjunctivitis?

Back 114

bacteria & viruses

Front 115

bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by:

Back 115

Hemophilus aegyptius

Front 116

Looking at the picture of pink eye, how can you tell that it is bacterial conjunctivitis and not viral conjunctivitis?

Back 116

because there was puss present. Viral infections do not produce puss.

Front 117

Is Hemophilus aegyptius contagious?

Back 117

Yes, he is highly contagious.