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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two host defense systems
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Innate and Acquired
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Pyogenic response
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Main type of response that we have towards extracellular pathogens
Abscess will form from antibody, complement, neutrophils Pus, suppuration forms Ex: Staph aureus |
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Granulomatous response
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Response against intracellular pathogens using Granulomas consisting of macrophages and CD4 T-cells
Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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What are the signs of inflammation
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Redness
Swelling Warmth Pain |
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Phagocytes
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Two types
Neutrophils Macrophages |
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Neutrophils
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PMN Phagocyte
Consist of 60% of WBC Plays a large role in pyogenic infections |
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Leucocytosis
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Increase in number of WBC
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Leucopenia
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Decrease in number of WBC
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Macrophage
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Phagocyte that plays a role in granulomatous infections (like TB)
Produce two cytokines IL-1 and TNF-alpha |
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Acute phase response proteins
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Proteins formed early during the course of the infection
Induce IL-6 production from Macrophages and dendritic cells Also causes liver to produce C-reactive proteins to bind to bacteria and help active complement system |
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C-reactive proteins
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CRP
Acute phase response protein Produced by liver Binds to bacteria and helps to activate complement system C refers to the carb in the cell wall of the pneumococcus |
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Chemokines
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Peptides that induce chemotaxis and attract PMN
IL-8 |
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Diapedesis
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Increased permeability of the blood vessels allowing PMNs to pass through to get to site of infection
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Migration of phagocytes
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Chemokines attract PMN to site of infection
They adhere to protein in endothelium such as Selectin, ICAM and IL-8 Pass through endothelial cells of blood vessel through diapedesis |
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Opsonins
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C3b and IgG antibodies attach to bacterial cells to be identified for phagocytosis
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Respiratory burst
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Metabolic pathway that is turned on in phagocytes to destroy the engulfed bacteria
Production of superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide |
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Lysosome
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Contains myeloperoxidase (hyperclorite ion), lysozyme, lactoferrin, and other degrative enzymes
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Myeloperoxidase
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Enzyme in lysosome that uses hypochlorite ion
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Lysozyme
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Enzyme in lysosome that works on cell walls (PG) of bacteria and destroys glycosidic bridge
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Lactoferrin
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Enzyme in lysosome that binds to the iron in bacterial cells and prevents it from being used
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What microbe is preferentially ingested by macrophages and not PMN
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M. tuberculosis
Macrophage engulfs the bacteria but bacteria has developed ways to prevent the binding of the lysosome and therefore goes without degradation and multiplies within the macrophage |
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Endogenous pyrogen
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IL-1 released by macrophages in response to things like LPS and lipid A in Gram- bacteria to triger a fever
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What ways can be attain acquired immunity?
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We can obtain antibodies in 4 ways through active and passive immunity
1. Naturally acquired active immunity through exposure to antigen 2. Artificial active immunity through vaccinations 3. Natural passive immunity from passage of IgG across placenta from mother to child 5. Artificial passive immunity through injection of antibiotics into circulation |
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What are the primary lymphoid tissues
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Thymus and bone marrow
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What are the secondary lymphoid tissue
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Spleen and lymph nodes
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