• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/27

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Vaccine success stories
Protection of population groups from the symptoms of
pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and rabies
BCG vaccine for tuberculosis characteristics
some protection against childhood TB but not for adult
B. anthracis vaccine characteristics
provides short lived immunity and must be re-administered yearly
No Current Effective Vaccines
for
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonnorhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Vibrio cholerae, Hepatitis C, HIV, fungal pathogens, parasites,
the injection of purified antibody or of serum containing antibody to provide rapid but temporary protection
Passive immunization
Passive immunization ex
-newborn immunity based on acquisition of maternal antibody from the mother across the placenta or within breast milk
-antibody against Hepatitis B or rabies virus given shortly after exposure to virus to prevent infection
-antibody against diptheria toxin to reduce toxicity
Passive immunization works to
-Prevent disease after a known exposure
-Ameliorate symptoms of an ongoing disease
-Protect immunodeficient individuals
-Block the actions of toxins and the diseases they cause
what is the one thing that passive immunization cannot do?
It CAN NOT provide long term protection
Occurs when an immune response is stimulated because of challenge with an immunogen, either
An infectious agent (natural immunization) or
Through exposure to microbes or their antigens in vaccines
Active Immunization
Active Immunization causes that Upon subsequent immunogenic challenge
2ndary immune response is faster & more powerful
Vaccines have been classically divided into 2 types
live vaccines, and inactivated or subunit or killed vaccines.
use a large amount of antigen to produce a protective antibody response without the risk of infection.
Inactivated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines are usually administered with
an adjuvant to stimulate robust immunity (often stimulate TLR responses).

Example: Diptheria toxoid for protection against diptheria toxin.
stimulate innate immune responses (such as through TLR receptors) or promote antigen uptake by macrophages and dendritic cells.
Adjuvants
Major types of inactivated vaccines
-Bacteria
Toxoid (inactivated toxin)
Inactivated (killed) bacteria
Capsule or protein subunits
-Viruses
Inactivated virus
Protein subunit
To stimulate a robust immune response against a poor antigen, the antigen may be linked or conjugated to a protein that stimulates host immune responses
Conjugate vaccines
Conjugate vaccines may be developed to target
important component that is not a good immunogen, such as a bacterial polysaccharide capsule.

Example: conjugation of pneumococcal capsule to inactivated diptheria toxin.
Advantages for inactivated vaccines
Useful for protection against pathogens that can’t be attenuated
Generally safe
Can be stable
Disadvantages of inactivated vaccines
-Immunity is usually not life-long
-Immunity may only be humoral and not cell-mediated
-The vaccine does not elicit a local IgA response
-Booster shots are required
-Larger doses must be used.
Prepared with organisms that are limited or attenuated in their ability to cause disease
Live vaccines
Live vaccines are useful for
stimulating protective T cell mediated responses (such as CD8 T cells) against intracellular pathogens.
problems with live vaccines
: (1) the attenuated organism may still be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or pregnant women;
(2) the vaccine may revert to a virulent form
(3) the viability of the vaccine must be maintained
Examples of inactivated vaccines:
Polio (Salk vaccine), influenza, Hepatitis B, Rabies, Diptheria, Pertussis subunit vaccine
Examples of live vaccines
Polio (Sabin vaccine), Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella-zoster, Smallpox (attenuated vaccinia virus)
consist mainly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or other antigens.
Synthetic vaccines. Generally considered safer than (for example) products purified from bacteria.
Obstacles to vaccination

Pathogen based:
target proteins resemble host proteins
antigen is hidden until function is required
antigen varies at a high frequency
virulence factors inactivate host immunity.
Obstacles to vaccination

Human based:
vaccines are very expensive to develop and test
vaccines may not be money makers for industry
may be lack of good animal models
failure to comply with booster schedule
stigma associated with vaccine (STI infections)
vaccines themselves are expensive
vaccine may not be stable in areas lacking refrigeration.