Micro 1

Front 1

Suggests that diseases are caused by “invisible” organisms

Back 1

Fracastoro

Front 2

_____Uses simple microscopes to see “animalcules” (little animals)in a variety of natural environments

Back 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 3

First direct observation of microbes

Back 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 4

_____Observes that maggots arise “spontaneously” on uncovered meat, but do not arise if meat covered with cloth (stops contact by flies)

And Concludes_______

Back 4

Redi

Concludes that spont. gen. is not true for higher life forms

Front 5

__boils corn extract “broth” → pours into flask → covers flask ⇒ animalcules appear in broth after a few days

And Concludes _____

Back 5

Needham

concludes that animalcules arise spontaneously from broth

Front 6

____boils corn extract inside a sealed flask ⇒ no animalcules

Back 6

Spallanzani

Front 7

____ does the “swan-neck” flask experiment

And disproves ____

Back 7

Pasteur

spont. generation

Front 8

In __ Microbiology changes from an observational science to an experimental science (the “___ Age” of Microbiology)

Back 8

1800’s

Golden Age

Front 9

___ observed that previous infection by cowpox prevents later infection by smallpox

Back 9

Jenner

Front 10

___ observed some diseases (eg. Cholera) are transmitted by polluted water

Back 10

Snow

Front 11

Pasteur observed:
-
-
-

Back 11

- yeast converts sugar to alcohol
- mild heating of foods (pasteurization) delays spoilage
- microbes cause disease vs. being a result of disease (“Germ Theory”)

Front 12

___observes keeping microbes out of surgical wounds reduced the rate of post-surgical infections

Back 12

Lister

Front 13

____reproduced disease by injecting healthy cows with anthrax microbe

Back 13

Koch

Front 14

_____proof of the Germ Theory (ie. a microbe can cause disease)

Back 14

Koch

Front 15

____'s Binomial System

Back 15

Linnaeus

Front 16

The Gram Stain:
____=primary stain
Iodine=____
____= “decolorizer”
____ = “counterstain”

Back 16

Crystal Violet (CV)
combines with CV & allows it to bind better (no color change occurs)
Alcohol
Safranin

Front 17

Acid - Fast Stain (“___” stain): 1. Add __ (red primary stain) to smear 2. Apply heat 3. De-colorize with ___ 4. Counterstain with ___

Back 17

Ziehl-Neelsen” stain
Carbol Fuchsin
acidic alcohol
methylene blue

Front 18

Acid-fast” bacteria (will/ won't) de-colorize
Non acid-fast bacteria (will/ won't) de-colorize
___are acid-fast(most other bacteria are not)

Back 18

won't(retain primary stain & stay red)
will(lose primary stain & counterstain blue
Mycobacteria

Front 19

Required or Optional Function
(nutrients, wastes)
- Communicate with other bacteria
- Replicate genetic information and pass on to next generation
- Evolve

Back 19

Opt
Req
Req

Front 20

Required or Optional Function
- Store nutrients for later use
- Enclose internal contents and separate from environment
specific molecules
- Create structures specialized for survival (spores)
- Biosynthesis of cellular components

Back 20

Opt
Req
Opt
Req

Front 21

Required or Optional Function
- Movement
- Allow entry and exit of specific molecules
- Attachment to other cells
or surfaces
- Exchange genetic information with other bacteria

Back 21

Opt
Req
Opt
Opt