Micro #1

Front 1

Give 3 examples of serious infectious diseases that occur without bacterial penetration through epithelial surfaces (aka ingresses)

Back 1

cholera
whooping cough
infections of the urinary bladder

Front 2

Does cholera (or milder relative traveler's diarrhea) need to enter host cells to cause disease?

Back 2

No

Front 3

What disease is an example of how when internal tissues are damaged or defense mechanisms disrupted, circulating bacteria can cause serious disease?

Back 3

subacute bacterial endocarditis

Front 4

What is subacute bacterial endocarditis usually caused by?

Back 4

oral streptococci that invaded heart valves damaged by a previous disease (usually rheumatic fever)

Front 5

Name two infectious agents that can be acquired through blood transfusions

Back 5

HIV, HBV (hepatitis B virus)

Front 6

Give an example of an agent which causes a disease by causing intoxication (v. infection).

Back 6

Clostridium botulinum

Front 7

Glomerulonephritis is an example of what type of immunity?

Back 7

Humoral (antigen-antibody complexes deposited on the glomerular membrane of the kidneys)

Front 8

The production of tubercles or granulomas are associated with what type of immunity?

Back 8

Cellular

Front 9

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

Back 9

No

Front 10

How many bacteria is in our large intestine?

Back 10

10 trillion to 100 trillion

Front 11

Do bacteria have a cytoplasmic membrane?

Back 11

Yes

Front 12

What is in the core section of the LPS in gram negative bacteria?

Back 12

ketodeoxyoctanoic acid and a heptose

Front 13

How do large, necessary hydrophilic compounds (B12, larger sugars, chelated iron) cross the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

Back 13

translocation by special proteins

Front 14

What items does the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria allow to enter?

Back 14

small hydrophilic compounds and some larger hydrophilic molecules

Front 15

What items does the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria exclude?

Back 15

hydrophobic compounds

Front 16

What substance helps to soak up sugars and AAs from the medium of the periplasm in gram negative bacteria?

Back 16

binding proteins

Front 17

What antibiotic inhibits the linkage of disaccharides to growing chain of murein?

Back 17

vancomycin

Front 18

What antibiotic inhibits the regeneration of the lipid carrier in murein synthesis?

Back 18

bacitracin

Front 19

What two antibiotics inhibit transpeptidation (crosslinking of peptide bond between subterminal D-alanine and free N terminus of a lysine)?

Back 19

penicillins and cephalosporins

Front 20

Organisms, for which penicillin is bacteriostatic, are deficient in what enzyme?

Back 20

autolysin (cleaves murein)

Front 21

What is located in the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria which facilitate the entry of most metabolites?

Back 21

permeases

Front 22

What type of transport is driven by intracellular use of the compound (down a concentration gradient)?

Back 22

Facilitated diffusion

Front 23

What is an example of facilitated diffusion?

Back 23

when more glycerol is brought into the cell because the glycerol inside the cell decreases (is phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate)

Front 24

What type of transport uses an energy-dependent mechanism in which substances are altered chemically?

Back 24

Group translocation

Front 25

What is an example of group translocation transport?

Back 25

Glucose binds to specific carrier in membrane (E2) and is altered to yield glucose-6-phosphate.

Front 26

What type of transport uses energy to drive substance against its concentration gradient?

Back 26

Active transport

Front 27

What is an example of active transport?

Back 27

driving the transport of lactose against its concentration gradient using proton motive force (symport)

Front 28

What substance do bacteria excrete that binds iron with great affinity?

Back 28

siderophores (chelating compounds)

Front 29

Where are cytochromes located in bacteria (also where oxidative metabolism takes place)

Back 29

cytoplasmic membrane

Front 30

The genome of most bacteria consists of

Back 30

a single circular chromosome of double-stranded DNA

Front 31

Does the rate of DNA polymerase movement in bacteria depend on the growth rate of cells?

Back 31

No, it is independent

Front 32

What drug contains a nitro group that must be partially reduced to render the molecule active?

Back 32

metronidazole

Front 33

Partially reduced metronidazole is incorporated into the DNA of bacteria, making these DNA molecules unstable. What is this an example of?

Back 33

lethal synthesis

Front 34

What drug inhibits DNA gyrase and is bactericidal?

Back 34

Nalidixic acid

Front 35

What drugs interfere with DNA gyrase or topoisomerase and cause ds DNA breaks?

Back 35

fluoroquinolones

Front 36

Does the rate of RNA synthesis depend on the number of RNA polymerase molecules?

Back 36

Yes, it is proportional to them

Front 37

Is the synthesis of bacteria regulated by chain elongation?

Back 37

No, it is regulated mainly by chain initiation (v. their rate of elongation)

Front 38

What antibiotic binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and blocks transcription at the initiation step?

Back 38

rifampin

Front 39

Name 3 DNA synthesis inhibitors

Back 39

Metronidazole, nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolones

Front 40

Name 1 RNA synthesis inhibitor

Back 40

rifampin

Front 41

What antibiotics block the formation of peptide bonds by binding at (or near) the tRNA binding site on the 50S subunit at the elongation step?

Back 41

chloramphenicol, macrolides (erythromycin)

Front 42

Are chloramphenicol and macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Back 42

bacteriostatic (actions are reversible)

Front 43

What antibiotics bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, causing translational misreading and inhibit elongation?

Back 43

Aminoglycosides

Front 44

Name 3 aminoglycosides

Back 44

streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin

Front 45

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Back 45

bactericidal

Front 46

What antibiotic blocks synthesis of ergosterol required for fungal cell wall integrity?

Back 46

Imidazoles

Front 47

What antibiotic blocks B-glucan synthesis (a major constituent of fungal cell walls)?

Back 47

echinocandins

Front 48

What antibiotic is a competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthesis and blacks synthesis of tetrahydrofolate and cell-linked metabolic pathways?

Back 48

Sulfonamides (folate antagonist)

Front 49

What antibiotic inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase?

Back 49

trimethoprim (folate antagonist)

Front 50

Flagella has a clockwise or counterclockwise helical pitch?

Back 50

counterclockwise