Micb 3301 Unit 2 (Metabolism And Genetics)

Front 1

What is the structure of ATP?

Back 1

Front 2

What is the equation for Gibbs Free Energy?

Back 2

Front 3

How much energy is released during the hydrolyzation of ATP to ADP?

Back 3

-7.3 kcal/mol.

Front 4

Here is an example of a redox reaction.

Back 4

1). Malate is oxidized to Oxaloacetate.

2). NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

3). The reaction is catalyzed by Malate Dehydrogenase.

Front 5

What is the enzyme responsible for the addition of ATP to glucose, the first step of glycolysis?

Back 5

Hexokinase

Front 6

What are the two kinds of electron carriers?

Back 6

1). Freely diffusible

NAD+: Nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide, NADP+: Nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide phosphate

2). Membrane bound (Flavoproteins, cytochromes (proteins that use an iron heme group to transfer electrons , quinones (Coenzyme Q)).

Front 7

Heterotroph

Back 7

Use reduced preformed organic compounds as carbon sources.

Animals and many microbes are heterotrophs.

Heterotrophs convert large amounts of C to CO2.

Front 8

Autotroph

Back 8

Utilize CO2 are a carbon source.

Plants and many microbes are autotrophs.

Autotrophs produce many organic compounds used by hetertrophs.

Front 9

Phototroph

Back 9

Utilize light as the source of energy.

Front 10

Chemotroph

Back 10

Oxidize chemical compounds as the source of energy.

Often from the same source of carbon.

Front 11

Litotroph

Back 11

Utilize inorganic molecules as electron donors.

In respiration, inorganic molecules will be the final electron acceptor.

Lithotrophy is unique to a few bacteria and archaea.

Front 12

Organotroph

Back 12

Utilize organic molecules as electron donors.

In fermentation, an organic compound is the final electron acceptor.

Front 13

What are the two processes by which ATP is produced?

Back 13

1). Substrate level phsphoylation

2). Oxidative phosphoylation

Front 14

What are the two functions of organic energy sources?

Back 14

1). To oxidate those energy sources for the release of energy.

2). To generate building blocks (metabolites) for anabolism.

Front 15

Amphibolic pathway

Back 15

A pathway that can function catabolically or amphibolically.

Front 16

Name a species that can perform ETC under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Back 16

Paracoccus denitrificans. This species also uses NO3 as the final electron acceptor.

Front 17

What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis and who came up with it?

Back 17

Peter Mitchell believed that energy released during electron transport was used to establish a proton gradient and establish a charge difference across a membrane (Proton motive force (PMF)).

Front 18

ATP Synthase (F1Fo ATPase)

Back 18

An enzyme that uses a PMF to catalyze ATP synthesis.

This enzyme is highly conserved across domains.

Front 19

What is special about the Shewanella genus?

Back 19

Shewanella can transport electrons from the ETC to things outside the cell.

Must live in anoxic environments in order to transport electrons to an anode.

May live in thick biofilms on an anode.

Front 20

Endogenous electron acceptor

Back 20

Electron acceptors produced by the organism itself.

Ex). Pyruvate

Front 21

Exogenous electron acceptor

Back 21

Electron acceptors obtained from the environment.

Front 22

Aerobic respiration

Back 22

Utilization of O2 as the final electron acceptor.

Front 23

Anaerobic respiration

Back 23

Utilization of molecules other than water as the final electron acceptor.

Ex). NO3, SO4, CO2, and fumarate.

Front 24

Chemolithotrophy

Back 24

When an inorganic electron donor is used.

Front 25

What is a genous that uses Fe3+ as the final electron acceptor through the use of nanowires.

Back 25

Geobacter

Front 26

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction (Denitrification)

Back 26

Where NO3 is used as the terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to N2.

Species that utilizes this process are the major cause for loss of nitrogen in soil.

Front 27

Fementation

Back 27

Complete catabolism without the electron transport system and a terminal electron acceptor.

1). Occurs in the cytoplasm

2). NADH transfers hydrogen to pyruvate.

3). Generates fermentation products (lactic acid, ethanol, etc.) as well as NAD+.

4). The production of NAD+ allows for glycolysis to continue.

5). Generates ATP through substrate level phosphorylation.

Front 28

Archaea Sulfolobus

Back 28

Executes chemolithotrophy by using H2S as a source of electrons to produce sulfuric acid.

Front 29

What does the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans do?

Back 29

Oxidizes soluble Fe2+ to Fe3+.

O2 is used as an electron acceptor.

Forms insoluble ferric hydroxide.

Is not a very large reduction potential between Fe2+ and Fe3+ so large amounts of Fe2+ needs to be used in order to gather suitable amounts of energy.

Front 30

What do Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter do?

Back 30

Together they carry out nitrification by oxidizing NH3 (ammonia) to NO3- (nitrate).

Nitrosomonas converts NH3 to NO2-.

Nitrobacter converts NO2- to NO3-.

These two bacteria can be used to remove ammonia from waste water.

Nitrification is often followed by denitrification, the conversion of NO3 to N2.

Front 31

What are the two parts that photosynthesis is divided into?

Back 31

Light reactions: trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy.

Dark reactions: reduce CO2 to synthesize cell material.

Front 32

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Back 32

Oxidizing H2O for electrons to form oxygen.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by eukaryotes and cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria and Green sulfur bacteria.

Front 33

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Back 33

When electrons are taken from a different source other than water .

Other than Cyanobacteria, all other bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Requires the use of different kinds of pigments.

Green nonsulfur bacteria, Purple sulfur bacteria, Purple nonsulfur bacteria, and Prochloron.

Front 34

Bacteriochlorophylls

Back 34

Major light absorbing pigment in purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.

Front 35

Bacteria Prochlorococcus

Back 35

Photosynthetic organism found in aquatic ocean environments.

One of the smallest known photosynthetic organisms whose genome is about 2000 genes.

Ocean samples can contain 100,000 cells/mL.

Front 36

What are the uses of accessory pigments?

Back 36

1). Transfer light energy to chlorophylls

2). Absorb different wavelengths of light than chlorophylls, helping to increase the range of wavelengths usable by an organism.

3). Quench toxic forms of oxygen.

Ex). Carotenoids and Phycobiliproteins.

Front 37

Photosystems

Back 37

An organization of chlorophylls and accessory pigments to optimize light-harvest.

Photosystems are embedded in thylakoids.

Front 38

Archaeorhodopsin

Back 38

Pigment used in Archaea to execute photosynthesis.

Front 39

Bacteriorhodopsin

Back 39

Pigment used by Bacteria to execute photosynthesis that is similar to archeorhodopsin.

Front 40

Rhodopsin

Back 40

Pigment protein (made up of pigment and protein).

7 transmembrane helicies (similar to G-proteins).

Contains the pigment retinal.

Front 41

Retinal

Back 41

Pigment found in rhodopsin.

When the pigment absorbs light, the pigment changes conformation. When rhodopsin changes conformation, the protein portion of rhodopsin changes conformation.

The change in protein conformation allows for protons to be pumped through the plasma membrane.

Front 42

Precursor metabolites

Back 42

Molecules that can be utilized in anabolism to construct many different molecules.

Ex). Fructose-6-Phosphate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate

Front 43

RUBISCO

Back 43

Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate with H2O and CO2 into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.

This reaction typically occurs in carboxysomes.

This stage of the Calvin cycle is known as the carboxylation phase.

Front 44

Gluconeogenesis

Back 44

When glucose is produced fro noncarbohydrate substances.

Animals, plants, fungi, and microbes are capable of executing gluconeogenesis.

Requires the input of ATP and GTP.

6 enzymes are shared between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, but 4 enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis.