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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotle |
Music writing in Politics Believed that music impacted behavior (Doctrine of Ethos) |
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Aristoxenus |
Student of Aristotle Wrote rhythmic/harmonic elements |
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Pythagoras |
Formed music theory |
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Doctrine of Ethos |
Aristotle- Believed that music impacts behavior (Apollo = high music = wisdom; Dianysis = low music = lazy) |
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Ethos |
set of behaviors or emotions hat go into someone's character |
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Greater Perfect System |
four tetrachords plus an added lowest note to complete a 4 octave span |
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Harmonia |
relationship among pitches/tuning ratios unification of parts that encompasses mathematics, philosophical ideas, or structure of society as the order of the universe
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Harmony of the spheres |
music intervals related to the celestial planets and heavenly bodies unheard music of the universe relate music to the distance of planets |
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Hetrophony |
variations of the melody |
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Monophony |
single melodic line |
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Polyphony |
two or more independent voices |
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Tetrachord |
four notes spanning a P4 includes diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic |
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Chromatic |
semitones |
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Conjunct |
two successive tetrachords that shared a note |
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Diatonic |
tetrachord with two whole notes and one semitone |
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Disjunct |
tetrachords separated by a whole step |
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enharmonic |
tetrachord comprising a major third and two quartertones |
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Boethius |
Revered authority of music in middle ages; wrote on philosophy, logic, theology, and mathematical arts; music is the science of numbers and ratios for pitch and tuning; divided music into musica mundane, humana, and instrumentalis |
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Guido d'Arezzo |
created early solfege (hand?) |
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Ambrosian chant |
centered in Milan |
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Byzantine chant |
included scripture readings using chant; songs/hymns sung with melodies; centered in Byzantine |
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Gregorian chant |
Used in roman Catholic churches, started by Pope Gregory- influenced by Charlemange? |
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Old Roman chant |
same text as Gregorian chant, but more ornamented |
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Modes |
scale melody type |
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authentic modes |
odd numbered modes; cover a range from the step below the final to the octave above |
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final |
main note in a mode; normally the closing note of a chant |
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plagal modes |
paired with authentic modes with the same final pitches, but moving to a 4th or 5th |
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Reciting tone |
a fifth above the final in authentic modes, in plagal modes it's a third below |
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heightened neume |
neumes placed at varying heights to signify where the pitches should be in relation to one another |
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neume |
signs above words for melodic gesture of syllable |
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Hildegard of Bingen |
composer and head of a convent; wrote songs that praise Mary, Trinity, or local saints; composed for Office service; well-educated because she was a nun |
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Divine Office |
"liturgy of the hours", singing and praying psalms through day and night at certain hours |
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liturgical drama |
tropes taking form of a dialoge |
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liturgy |
reinforce lessons of immortality; crucifixion, salvation, and hell |
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Mass |
evolved from last supper, church service |
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Ordinary of Mass |
daily/weekly test of mass Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei |
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Proper of Mass |
text changes due to a change in the church calendar Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Offertory, Communion |
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Sequence |
added in late 19th century, set syllabic to text sung after alleluias in Mass |
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trope |
expanded existing chant by adding more words, music, melismas, and new text |
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Franco of Cologne |
wrote a new rhythmic notation; late 13th century |
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Leoninus |
Notre Dame school of polyphony, first, composer, priest, poet |
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Perotinus |
Notre Dame school of polyphony, second, composer, wrote organum triplum |
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Petrus de Cruce |
extended Franco's rhythm system |
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Aquitanian polyphony |
12th century composers in France made more ornate polyphony |
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Motet |
added new latin words to upper discant clausulae |
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Breves |
short notes |
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Ligatures |
nueme note shape to indicate short rhythm |
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Longs |
long notes |
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rhythmic modes |
6 basic rhythm patterns |
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Organum |
2 voices singing different notes
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Duplum |
upper voice sings melismas, lower voice drones |
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Florid |
2 voice polyphony where lower voice sustains long notes and upper voice sings note groupings at different length |
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Free/Note-Against-Note Organum |
organal voice has greater independence and prominence can move oblique, contrary, similar motion |
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Mixed Parallel and Oblique |
voice must stay on a note to avoid certain interventions and creates oblique/parallel motion |
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Quadruplum |
fourth voice added on the bottom |
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Triplum |
third voice from the bottom in 3-4 voice texture |
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Philippus de Caserta |
theorist and composer at Avignon court, pieces use polymeter |
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Guillaume de Machaut |
composer in the Ars Nova period, created complete works and his own book |
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Philippe de Vitry |
created the Ars Nova itself; isorhythm (talia/rhythm; color/melody) |
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Francesco Landini |
fits in Italian Trecento Music, used one cadence in all his music that we now know as a PAC, would end his pieces a fifth above/below where he started |
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Jacopo da Bologna |
Trecento Polyphony |
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Ars Nova |
written by Philippe de Vitry, "new art", added minseration (new way to approach rhythm); addition of duple meter |
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Ars Subtilior |
written by Ursula Gunther, "subtle arts", |
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Black Death |
took care of overpopulation (~5 yrs); changes in literature art |
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Formes/fixes |
ballade, rondeau, and virelai; french secular music |
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Isorhythm |
equal rhythm, tenor had segments of the same rhythm that repeats |
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Color |
reoccuring segment of melody |
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Talea |
repeating rhythmic motive |
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musica ficta |
chromatic alterations |
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Papal Schism |
Weird period of time where there were multiple popes- one centered in Avignon, Pisa, and Rome |
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Treble-dominated style |
form where upper voices carry text, supported by slow lower tenor w/out tex |
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Trecento |
1300s music and art |
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Comtessa de Dia |
troubadour, french alps, wrote on courtly love |
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Adam de la Halle |
Trouvere, was a servant but he was such a good musician he was treated like aristocracy |
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Bernart de Ventadorn |
troubadour, servant to Eleanor of Aquitaine |
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Courtly Love |
love based on "fantasy" about marriage actually being about loving the other person; usually the man was poor and worked for the husband of the woman he loved |
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Meistersinger |
german amateur singer and poet-composer who performed sinnelieder |
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Minnelieder |
the songs of the Meistersinger |
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Rondeau |
single stanza, ABaAabAB |
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Troubadour |
poet-composer SOUTHERN france |
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Trouvere |
poet-composer NORTHERN france |
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Plato |
Influence music theory Wrote Republic (discipline of body and mind must be equal) and Timaeus |
