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25 Cards in this Set

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The four qualities of effective leaders.
1.Selectively show their weaknesses
2.Rely on intuition (be a sensor)
3.Manage employees with tough empathy
4.Dare to be Different
Management
Planning and budgeting
Organizing and staffing
Controlling and problem solving
Leadership
Setting a direction
Aligning people
Motivating and inspiring
Managerial Leadership
The type of leadership that managers are trained to practice within most organizations. In this type of leadership goals are derived from necessities rather than dreams or aspirations. They are embedded within the culture of the organization. Managerial Leadership is sensitive to the past. These leaders are regulators and like to maintain the status quo.
Visionary Leadership
Requires power to influence people’s thoughts and actions. Visionary Leadership involves being proactive and working toward the future. This involves taking risks in order to succeed. Visionaries are multifunctional which can lead them to have a good overall picture of the company but know less about each specific area than those who specialize
Strategic Leadership
The ability to influence others to voluntarily make day to day decisions that enhance the long term viability of the organization, while maintaining its short term financial stability.
Why is strategic leadership more effective than the other two types of leadership?
Strategic leadership Is more effective than the other two types of leadership because it uses aspects of both Managerial and Visionary to create a synergistic result. For instance, while Managerial is only able to look in the short term and Visionary looks towards the future, Strategic leadership uses the short term goals as a way to get to the long term goals. Strategic Leadership allows an organization to form an action plan of how goals are going to be reached.
3 of Drucker's Arguments
Organizations need to focus on putting their efforts toward opportunities rather than focusing on their problems.
Organizations need to specialize and not diversify
Organizations can learn from nonprofits
Key arguments of Confucius
Has a high set of moral values

· The ultimate goal of leadership is to establish a good society and sustain the society after its been created

· Proper attitude of leadership is based on filial piety and respect

o A good leader is a gentleman and puts the good of the community in front of his own self-interests.

· A leader should always be fair

Human Nature:

· People are either Superior or Inferior

o The superior person is one who acts because he wants to become a part of the surrounding community and is motivated by a need for belonging.

o The inferior person is motivated only by self-interest and disregards the feelings and well being of others.

o Only superior people will be good leaders.

· People are teachable and perfectible

· People must do for each other not because the law says so, but because it’s the right thing to do
Key arguments of Machiavelli
Laws and punishment are essential to maintain order.

· A leader must do what it takes to maintain power.

· Leaders may be ruthless, cunning

· “The ends justify the means” sums up his thoughts. ( do what it takes to get things done)

· A true leader has liberated, rather than repressed, the natural instincts for power and profit.

· Self-Interest will get you far

Human Nature:

· Observation is more important than understanding

o Allows leader the ability to anticipate

· Human nature is set in stone and cannot be changed

· Human nature is inherently wicked and amoral.
Key arguments of Rosseau
In a just society, the general will replaces all individual’s natural freedoms.

· Strong sense of community

· The role of a leader is to forge the sense of community and create the general will.

· An individual doesn’t lose freedom, but rather he rediscovers it in the general will.

Human Nature:

· Humans possess two basic “pre-moral” sentiments

o Amour de soi – self-love and the need for survival

§ Self-love is healthy, not bad

o Pitie – compassion for the suffering of another human being

· This makes it impossible for people to want everything for themselves and nothing for others

· Humans are naturally good rather than naturally bad.

· Society is the reason for vices and corruption

· Even though society corrupts human nature, it also has the possibility to perfect human nature
Moralist
Believes that a good leader does things the “right” way. They are fair and just among all of their people.
Confucius would be labeled as a moralist. He believed that people could overcome the evils of society by following good morals. This is illustrated in one of his excerpts that talks about a son serving his parents. If he objects to them and they do not follow his advice, he shows increased reverence and doesn’t abandon his purpose. If they punish him, he does not allow himself to murmur.
Rousseau could be between an amoralist and a moralist, however I would say he is a moralist. He believes that there is a right way to do things and it is by creating a general will for everyone to follow. When he says “Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains”, he could be saying that people are born with morals, yet these morals are impeded by an imperfect society.
Amoralist
An amoralist has no moral standards that they adhere to. They don’t believe in right and wrong, rather there is no difference between right and wrong.
Machiavelli can be called an amoralist. He feels that what needs to be done, should be done without question. He believes that a leader may be ruthless, cunning and duplicitous in order to get the job done. This is demonstrated in “The Prince” when he says “the ends justify the means”. This means that it doesn’t matter how you complete an objective as long as it gets done.
5 myths of ethical leadership
It’s easy to be ethical
Unethical behavior in Business is simply the result of bad apples
Ethics can be managed through formal ethics codes and programs
Ethical leadership is mostly about leader integrity
People are less ethical than they used to be
Self love
Taking care of one's self
Self love breaks down into self interest and selfishness
Self interest
Self interest is not the same as benevolence, it is being good because you want to help others solely for the other person. It is sympathy and concern for others
Contention
N. Claim; Thesis.
Debate,argument
It is our contention that, it you follow our tactics, you will boost your score on the GRE. Contend, V.
Technical Skills
Knowledge about methods, processes, procedures, and techniques for conducting a specialized activity, and the ability to use tools related to that activity.
Human-Relations Skills
Knowledge about human behavior and interpersonal processes, ability to understand the feelings, attitude and motives of others from what they say and do, ability to communicate clearly and effectively, and the ability to establish effective relationships.
Conceptual Skills
General analytical ability, logical thinking, proficiency in concept formation and conceptualization of complex and ambiguous relationsups, creativity an idea-generation and problem-solving, ability to analyze events and perceive trends, anticipate changes, and recognize opportunities and potential problems
Type 1 error
False Positive
The error of failing to observe a difference when in truth there is none
Type 2 error
False Negative
The error of failing to observe a difference when in truth there is a difference
Relational-Oriented Leadership
Leaders are totally focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people in their unit/team.
Task-Oriented Leadership
Focus on getting the job done and can be autocratic.
Leader typically defines the work and roles required to get the job done
5 sources of power
1. Reward Power- The subordinate does something in order to obtain rewards controlled by the leader.
2. Coercive Power- The subordinate does something in order to avoid punishments controlled by the leader.
3. Legitimate Power- The subordinate does something because the leader has the right to request it and the subordinate has the obligation to comply.
4. Expert Power- The subordinate does something because he or she believes that the leader has special knowledge and expertise and knows what is necessary.
5. Referent Power- The subordinate does something because he or she admires the leader, wants to obtain the leader's approval, and wants to be like the leader.