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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is job design
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The process of defining how work will be performed and what tasks will be required in a given job
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What is motivation
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This is a function of
direction, intensity, and persistence |
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What is self-actualization
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This “need” is at the top of Maslow’s need hierarchy
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What are process theories
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These motivation theories focus on how behavioral change occurs
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What is identity
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In Job Characteristics Theory, the degree to which a job results in a whole, identifiable piece of work
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What is reinforcement theory
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This theory states that behavior is entirely a function of its consequences
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What is expectancy theory
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This theory states that motivation is high when individuals believe effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to valued outcomes
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What is process engineering
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Eliminating a redundant job is an example of this mechanistic approach to job design
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What are goals
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These work best to motivate people when they are specific and challenging
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What is instrumentality
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The belief that performance will lead to outcomes
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What are informal groups
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You might find one of these types of groups together during lunch
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What is the IPO model
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This popular but basic model explains how groups achieve outcomes
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What are heterogeneous teams
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These types of teams perform better on complex tasks
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What is surface-level diversity
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Demographic differences (age, gender, race) represent this type of “diversity”
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What are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
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According to Tuckman, the five stages through which groups develop
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What is face-to-face communication
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This communication medium is better early on, before a decision has to be reached by a team leader
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What is punctuated equilibrium
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Gersick (1988) found that teams transition around their halfway point – a process referred to as this
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What is a decision task or disjunctive task
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This type of task has one correct answer, so group performance depends on the ability of best group member
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What is cohesiveness
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Small, homogeneous groups tend to have higher levels of this type of group member attraction
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What are routines
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These process gains/losses save time, but may result in miscoding of novel situations
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What are vacancy characteristics
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Pay, benefits, job security, and location are all examples of these “characteristics”
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What is a noncompensatory strategy
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“If it’s not in Florida, forget it” is an example of this decision strategy
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What is a transitional matrix
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We might use this to determine who is moving up or out of the company
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What is lead-the-market pay
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Offering 20% more in salary than other similar companies is an example of this personnel policy
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What are ways to correct a surplus
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Downsizing, pay reduction, demotions, work sharing, early retirement
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What is Google
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This #1 company to work for provides lunch to all its employees
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One study found that this set of companies outperformed a similar set over a 5-year period
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Fortunes 100 best companies to work for
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What is Human Resource Management
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Policies, practices, and systems that influence employee attitudes and performance
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What are IPOs (initial public offerings)
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A study found that these companies, that moved from private to public ownership, survived longer if they had good HR practices
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What are case studies and quantitative studies
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These two methods can be used to study the effect of OB/HR on firm performance
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Of Maslow’s need hierarchy, Hertzberg’s two factor theory, and goal setting theory – the one that is most supported
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Goal Setting Theory
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What is Hertzberg’s two-factor theory
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This theory differentiates between “hygiene factors” and “motivators”
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What is negative reinforcement
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Removing an undesirable consequence following a desired behavior
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What is significance
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In Job Characteristics Theory, the degree to which the job affects the lives of other people
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What is responsibility for work
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According to Job Characteristics Theory, this critical psychological state is the result of autonomy
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What is equity theory
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According to this theory, motivation is high when people’s outcome/input ratios are similar
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What is expectancy
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The belief that effort
leads to performance |
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What is job enlargement
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According to Job Characteristics theory, increasing the number of tasks a worker performs
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What is meaningfulness of work
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Variety, identity, and significance all combine to affect this critical psychological state
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What is variable-ratio reinforcement schedule
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Slot machines use this type of reinforcement schedule – no wonder they’re so addicting
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What are norms
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These informal rules and expectations that groups establish regulate group member behavior
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What is groupthink
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Encouraging devil’s advocates helps to avoid this process loss
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What is an additive task
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An assembly line is an example of this type of group task
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What is voice behavior
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Small groups and high self-esteem are positively related to this type of individual behavior in groups
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What is social loafing
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This process loss is more likely in larger teams with no measures of individual effort
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What is demand forecasting
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Used to answer, “How much labor will we need?”
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What are employee referrals
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This source of recruitment usually results in good hires – but beware, your reputation is on the line
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What is person-organization fit
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The extent to which an applicant’s and organization’s values match
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What is outsourcing or offshoring
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Moving call-centers to India is an example of this
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What is a realistic job preview
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This type of recruiter interview would have sent Tom Cruise’s character running in The Firm
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What is benchmarking
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This method of demand forecasting uses other, similar businesses as comparisons
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According to one study, this labor surplus correction method works best when it is paired with a major business change
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Downsizing
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What is image advertising
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A tobacco company publicizing charitable donations is an example of this personnel policy
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This vacancy characteristic is not rated as important, but it really is when it comes to making a decision
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Pay
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What is a compensatory strategy
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Comparing the strengths and weaknesses of different jobs represents this type of decision strategy
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What are homogenous teams
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These types of teams peform best when quick decisions need to be made
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What is task conflict
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This type of conflict can be beneficial for teams, especially on non-routine activities
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What are disjunctive tasks
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Performance on these types of tasks depends on the group member with the highest ability
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What is conformity
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Groupthink is often the result of this – pressures individuals feel to agree with everyone
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Of creativity, decision accuracy, and speed, the performance criterion on which individuals tend to outperform teams
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SPEED when individualized
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What is one standard deviation
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According to the study by Huselid (1995), firms who improved their OB/HR practices by this statistical amount had 7% less turnover, $27,000 more in sales per employee, and $18,000 more in market value per employee
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Job Characteristics Theory
What is VISAF and what do they stand for? |
Variety - different activities, use different skills
Identity - job results in a whole, identifiable piece of work Significance - Job affects the lives of other people Autonomy - Job holder has freedom and discretion (responsibility) Feedback - The job gives feedback on performance |
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Job Characteristics Theory
What are the three "critical psychological states" that the 5 core characteristics create? |
Meaningfulness of work - belief that the job has a meaningful outcome (variety, identity, significance)
Responsibility for work - belief that worker controls outcome (Autonomy) Knowledge of Results - worker is aware of job outcome (Feedback) |
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What is job rotation?
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Providing employees with different tasks or jobs
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What is Job enrichment?
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Empowering employees to make descisions
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Desirable consequence follows a certain behavior (ex. employee bonus)
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Punishment in the reinforcement theory does what?
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Gives something bad or takes away something good
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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A response is reinforced each time it is performed
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What is a Fixed-Interval Reinforcement Schedule?
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Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (example every 20 minutes)
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What is a Variable-Interval Reinforcement Schedule?
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The period of time between reinforcement varies
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What is a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule
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A certain number of responses must occur before reward. (example after every 4 bikes completed, we get a $10 bonus)
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What is Valence?
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The anticipated value of outcomes. ( ex. pay, promotion, task enjoyment, achievement)
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What is the difference between a group and a team?
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A group is 2 or more people that interact and depend upon each other for some common objective
A team is a "super group" that has highly defined tasks and roles and requires a high group commitment |
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Group Inputs
What are group member resources? |
KSAO
Knowledge Skills Abilities Others |
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What are some Deep-level diversity characteristics?
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Personality, Values, Attitudes
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What is the "Implicit Favorite?"
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The favorite job that deep down you want to get
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