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116 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the two major areas of focus
Individual and Group
What makes up Individual Behaviors
Personality, Perception, Learning, and Motivation
What makes up group behaviors
Norms, Roles, Team and Conflict
What are the three components of Attitude
Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral
What is the cognative component of and attitude
The beliefs, opinions, knowledge and information held by a person
What is the affective component of an attitude
The emotional, or feeling segment of an attitude
What is the behavioral component of an attitude
An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
What is cognative Dissonance
Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
Inconsistency is ___________ and individuals will seek a ______ ______ with a minimum of __________
uncomfortable, stable state, dissonance
How is the desire to reduce dissonance determined
1.The importance of the elements creating the dissonance
2.The degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over the elements
3.The rewards that may be involved.
What is personality
The combination of the psychological traits that characterize that person
What is Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator *MBIT*
A method of identifying personality types uses four demensions of personality to identify 16 different personality types.
What are the four dimensions of the MEYERS BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
Extroversion/Introversion
Sensing/Intuition
Thinking/Feeling
Judging/Perceiving
What is the big five model and what does it include
It is a five factor model of personality.
1.Extroversion
2.Agreeableness
3.Conscientiousness
4.Emotional Stability
5.Openess to Experience
What is extroversion
A personality dimension that describes the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and assertive
What is Agreeableness
A personality dimension that describes the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative and trusting
What is Conscientiousness
A personality dimension that describes the degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistend, and achievement oriented.
What is Emotional Stability
A personality dimension that describes the degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic and secure (positive) or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
What is Openess to experience
A personality dimension that describes the degree to which someone is imiaginative, aristically sensitive, and intellectual
What is Extroversion VS Introversion (EI)
An individual's orientation toward the inner world of ideas (I) or the external world of the environment (E)
What is Sensing VS Intuitive (SI)
An individual's reliance on information gathered from the external world (S) or from the world of ideas (N)
What is Thinking VS Feeling (TF)
One's preference for evaluating information in an analytical manner (T) or on the basis of values and beliefs (F)
What is Judging VS Perceiving (JP)
Reflects an attitude toward the external world that is either task completion oriented (J) or information seeking (P)
What is Locus of Control
A personality attribute that measures the degree to which people believe that they are masters of their own fate.
What is Machiavellianism ("MACH")
A measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe that ends can justify means
What is Self-esteem
An individual's degree of life or dislike for him or herself
What is self-monitoring
A measure of an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors
What is propensity for risk taking
The willingness to take chances-a preference to assume or avoid risk
What are the three key points to Holland's typology
1.There does appear to be intrinsic differences in personality among individuals
2.There are different types of jobs
3.People in job environments congruent with their personality types should be more satisfied and less likely to resign voluntarily than people in incongruent jobs.
What is a proactive Personality
This describes the people who are prone to take actions to influence their environment. this is like an entrepreneur
What is perception
This is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. it says that people may look at one think and all percieve it differently
What is the Attribution theory
A theory based on the premise that we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.
Along with the Attribution theory, what does internally and externally caused behavior mean
Internally caused behavior is believed to be under the control of the individual
Externally caused behavior results from the outside causes, the person is seen to be forced into the behavior by the situation
What is distinctiveness when talking about the Attribution Theory
Wheter an individual displays a behavior in many situations or whether it is unique to one situation
What is Consensus when talking about the attribution theory
If the individual responds in the same way as everyone else faced with a similar situation responds.
What is Consitency when talking about the attribution theory
The individual engages in the same behaviors regularly and consistently over time.
What is self-serving bias
the tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
What are the five shortcuts managers use to judge others
Selectivity, assumed similarity, sterotyping, halo effect, self-fulfilling prophecy
What is selectivity
When people assimilate certain bits and pieces of what they observe depending on their interest, background, experience, and attitudes. This is called speed reading which can result in an inaccurate picture of them
What is assumed similarity
When people assume that others are like them. when doing this people may fail to take into account individual differences, resulting in incorrect similarities
What is the Halo Effect
When people form an impression of others on the basis of a single trait. this fails to take into account the total picture of what an individual has done
What is Stereotyping
This is when people judge others on the basis of their perception of a group to which the others belong, this may result in distorted judgements because many sterotypes have no factual foundation
What is Self-Fulfilling prophecy
When people perceive others in a certain way, and, in turn, those others behave in ways that are consistent with the perception
How can managers shape behaviors
they mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps
What is positive reinforcement when talking about shaping behaviors
when a manager praises an employer for a job well done
What is negative reinforcement when talking about shaping behaviors
When a manager rewards a response with the termination or withdrawal of something pleasant
What is punishment when talking about shaping behaviors
this penalizes undesireable behaviors. an example is suspending an employee for two days without pay for showing up drunk.
What is a Group?
Two or more interecting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve partivular objectives
What is role in the basic concept of group behavior
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone in a given position in a social unit
What is norms in the concept of group behavior
Acceptable standards (e.g. effort and perforrmance, dress, and loyalty) shared and enforced by the members of a group
What are the six reasons why people join groups
Security, Status, Self-esteem, Affiliation, Power, Goal Achievement
What is Social Loafing
occurs when the dispersion of responsibility encourages individuals to slack off. This will tend to cause individuals to produce at a level of less than four times the average individual performance
What is Group Cohesiveness
The degree to which members of a group are attracted to each other and share goals. The more the members are attracted to one another and the more the groups goals align with their individual goals, the greater the groups cohesiveness.
When to teams typically out perform individuals?
When a taks requires multiple skills, judgment, and experience.
Teams are a better way to utilize individual employee talents
The flexibility and responsiveness of teams is essential in changing environment
Teams can also increase job satisfaction and morale, enhanve employee involvement, and promote workforce diversity.
What are the 5 stages of team developement
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
What is Forming
This is the first stage in team developement. it is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty. members are testing the waters to determine what types of behaviors are acceptable
What is Storming
This is one of intragroup conflict. Members accept the existence of the team but resist the control that the group imposes or individuality
What is Norming
This is completed when the team structure solidifies and members have assimilated a common set of expectations of appropriate work behavior.
What is Performing
The structure is fully functional and accepted by team members and their energy is focused on performing the necessary tasks
What is Adjourning
This is the last stage and members prepare gfor is disbandment. They wrap up their activities here
What is Work Group VS Work Team
-A Work Group is a group that interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions that will help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility
-A Work Team is a group that engages in collective work that requires joint effort and generates a positive synergy
What is Quality Circle
The most widely practives applications of problem-solvingteams during the 1980's
These are work teams of 8-10 people and supervisors who share an area of responsibility.
What is a Self-Managed Work Team
this is a formal group of employees that operates without a manager an is responsible for a complete work process or segment that delivers a product or service to an external or internal customer
What is a virtural Team?
This allows groups to meet without concern for space or time and enables organizations to link workers together in a way that would have been impossible in the past. this is done through computers. There is no concern for distance, space, or time in order to achieve a common goal
What do High-performing team members posses
both techincal and interpersonal skills.
What are some characteristics of effective team leaders
They demonstrate that change is possible by overcoming inertia. they also increase the self-confidence of team members making by making them see their full potential.They take take the roles of coach and facilitator moreover directive or controlling.They help guide rather than control it. for some managers, changing from a directive manager to working for a team like this is difficult
What is the key to successful process improvement
Teams provide the natural vehicle for employees to chare ideas and implement improvements.
What is the LINCHPIN to successful process improvement
Employee partivipation. in other words, continuous improvement requires management to encourage employees to chare ideas and to act on what the employees suggest.
What are the positive effects of diversity on teams
Fresh and multiple perspectives on issues help the team identify creative or unique solutions and avoid weak alternatives
The difficulty of working together may make it possible to unify a diverse team and reach agreements
Althouh the diversity advantages dissipate with time, the added-calue of diverse teams increases as the team becomes more cohesive
What are Maslows Hierarchy of needs (least to greatest), And what is this
Physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization
He says that within every human being exists a hierarchy of five types of needs. It is the best know theory of motivation.
What are the Physiological needs
Food, Drink, Shelter, Secual satisfaction, other bodily requirements
What are the safety needs
Security and protection from physical and emotional harm
What are the social needs
Affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship
What are the esteem needs
Internal esteem factors such as a self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention
What are the self-actuallization needs
This is #1. Growth, achieving ones potential, and self-fulfillment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.
What is McGregors Theory X and Y Theory
It is two distinct views of the nature of human beings. There is basically a negative view, labeled Theory X and a basically positive view, labeled Theory Y.
A manager who views employee from a Theory X perspective believes what?
Employees inherently dislike work, and when possible will avoid it
Becuase they don't like work, they must be coerced, controlled, and thretened with punishment
Wmployees will shirk responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible
Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition
A manager who views employee from a Theory Y perspective believes what?
Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play
Men and women will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives
The Average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility
The ability to make good decisions is widely dispersed throughout the population and is not necessarily the sole province of managers.
What is the motivation-hygiene theory?
this says that an individual's attitude toward his or her work can determine success or failure.
What are the intrinsic factors and what are they related to
these factors are related to job satisfaction. they are achievement, recognition, and responsibility
What are extrensic factors and what are they related to?
these factors are related to job failure and they are company policy, administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions
What are hygeine factors
these are factors that may eliminate job dissatisfaction but don't neccessarily increase job satisfaction
What are motivators
these are the factors that do increase job satisfaction.
What is McClellands Three-Needs Theory and what are the three needs?
This maintains that three major relecant motives or needs are found in work situtations. The are the Need for Achievement (nAch), Power (nPow), and Affiliation (nAff)
What is the need for Achievement
The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeed
What is the need for Power
The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise.
What is the need for Affiliation
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
What is the Equity Theory
this says that employees perceive what they get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs) and then compare their input-outcome ratio with the input-outcome ratios of relevant others.
What are the 5 core job dimensions according to the Job Characteristics Model (JCM)
Skill Variety, Task Identity, Task Significance, Autonomy, Feedback
What is Skill Variety
The degree to which the job reguires a variety of activities so the worker can use a number of different skills and talents
What is Task Identity
The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
What is Task Significance
The degree to which the job affects the lives or work of other people.
What is Autonomy
The degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out
What is Feedback
The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance
What is the expectance theory
This states that an individual tends to act in a certain way on the basis of the expectaion that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual
What are the three variables of the expectance theory
Effort-performance linkage, Performance-reward linkage, attractiveness.
What is Effort-Performance Linkage
The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance
What is Performance-reward linkage
The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome
What are the 5 core job dimensions according to the Job Characteristics Model (JCM)
Skill Variety, Task Identity, Task Significance, Autonomy, Feedback
What is Skill Variety
The degree to which the job reguires a variety of activities so the worker can use a number of different skills and talents
What is Task Identity
The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
What is Task Significance
The degree to which the job affects the lives or work of other people.
What is Autonomy
The degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out
What is Feedback
The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance
What is the expectance theory
This states that an individual tends to act in a certain way on the basis of the expectaion that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual
What are the three variables of the expectance theory
Effort-performance linkage, Performance-reward linkage, attractiveness.
What is Effort-Performance Linkage
The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance
What is Performance-reward linkage
The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome
What is attractiveness
The importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. this variable considers the goals and needs of the individual
What are some example of pay for performance programs
Piece-rate plans, gainsharing, wage incentive plans, profit sharing, lump-sum bonuses.
What is a competency-based compensation
this program pays and rewards employees on the basis of the skills, knowledge, or behaviors employees posses
What is Broad-banding
they are preset pay levels and are established on the basis of the degree to which these competencies exist
What are stock-options
these are a common incentive offered to executives. they generally allow certain individuals to purchase, at some time in the future, a specific amount of the company;s stock at a fixed price.
What is Flextime
A scheduling option that allows employees, within specific parameters, to decide when to go to work. they must work a minimum number of hours but are free to do it whenever they want
What is Job Sharing
a special type of part-time work. it allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour work week job. one person may work from 8-12 and the other may work from 12-5.
What is Telecommuting
These capabilities that exist today have made it possible for employees to be located anywhere on the globe and still do their job. with this, companies don't have to consider locating near their workforce.